Criminal liability of the director of an economic establishment for crimes of his subordinates in the light of the provisions of Libyan and French law

Abstract

Abstract
Liability for the acts of others is one of the most intricate legal concepts and finds wide application in the field of economic crimes, due to the complexity of hierarchical relationships within business entities. Among its most significant forms is the criminal liability of the company's director for offenses committed by subordinates in the course of their duties or in connection therewith. This study highlights the main issues raised by such liability under both Libyan and French law, through an analysis of its legal foundation, the determination of its nature and scope, and the examination of the legal grounds for exoneration, foremost among them force majeure and the delegation of powers.