Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies
The Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies (CJHES) ISSN: (3105-9481) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Academic University in Libya. With a commitment to advancing knowledge, CJHES publishes four issues annually, covering a wide range of topics within the humanities and educational sciences. Our Vision To be a leading platform for high-quality research that contributes to the understanding and development of the humanities and educational fields. Our Mission To provide a rigorous and accessible venue for scholars to publish original research, fostering intellectual exchange and collaboration. Our Objectives To publish cutting-edge research across all sub-disciplines of the humanities and educational sciences. To promote open-access scholarly publishing. To uphold the highest standards of academic integrity and peer review. For more information, you can visit the journal's website at or contact the editor at editor@cjhes.com.ly. You can also reach them via WhatsApp at +218925574772.
The effect of Accounting Education Quality on Auditor’s Performance in Libya
This research investigates the impact of accounting education quality on auditor performance among Libyan external auditors operating in Tripoli. The study utilized a quantitative approach, gathering data from 53 structured questionnaires distributed to external auditors. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach was employed to assess the study model and test the relationship. Findings reveal a significant and positive influence of the quality of accounting education on Libyan auditors’ performance. This indicates that improved accounting education quality can enhance auditors' skills, allowing them to execute their responsibilities more effectively and ultimately improve their overall work quality. The study contributes empirical evidence from the Libyan context, offering insights to professional bodies and policymakers on how to facilitate the enhancement of auditing performance through accounting education.
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Procedural Legality in Light of Exceptional Circumstances
This study examines the crucial importance of procedural legality as a fundamental safeguard for human rights in the criminal justice system, particularly in the preliminary investigation phase, and its modification under exceptional circumstances. The research highlights those constitutional principles provide the strongest protection for these rights, and any violation can lead to the unconstitutionality of the legislation. The principle of legality is identified as the paramount guarantee, from which all other safeguards derive their existence, serving as the bulwark against the despotism of authority. The paper analyzes how exceptional circumstances (such as states of emergency and martial law), rooted in the doctrine of necessity, necessitate a departure from ordinary legality rules, leading to an expansion of executive authority at the expense of personal freedoms. The study warns against the continuous expansion of these exceptional rules and the use of non-ordinary courts, which erode legal protections. Furthermore, the paper discusses the key guarantees ensured by the principle of legality, including the protection of individual rights from the abuse of authority, the independence and justice of the judiciary, equality before the law, the non-retroactivity of criminal texts, and the right to know the competent judicial authority. The research concludes by recommending adherence to ordinary legality rules, as they are sufficient to protect the public interest, and emphasizes the need for judicial oversight over all restrictive measures taken under exceptional circumstances.
E-Learning and its Impact on Students' Academic Achievement from the Perspective of Faculty Members in the Department of Physical Education - Faculty of Education, Bani Waleed
This research aims to identify the impact of E-Learning on students' academic achievement from the perspective of faculty members in the Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Bani Walid. The researcher utilized the descriptive approach with the survey method due to its suitability for the research's nature. The study population included all 12 faculty members in the Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Bani Walid University, and a purposive sample of 8 faculty members was selected. The research tool was a questionnaire consisting of 18 items, which was reviewed by a group of experts to ensure its final form before distribution to the sample. The results indicated that E-Learning contributes to improving the level of students' academic achievement, despite the presence of weak technical infrastructure and insufficient financial, technological, and systematic support necessary for the success of this type of education. Furthermore, E-Learning assists in communication between students and the professor at any time and from any place, and it helps the student acquire knowledge independently, fostering the idea of self-learning and self-reliance.
The Role of the Tribe in the Reproduction of Power in Libya
The paper, "The Role of the Tribe in the Reproduction of Power in Libya," discusses the role of the tribe in the reproduction of power in Libya across various historical stages, starting from the pre-colonial era, through the period of Italian colonization, the independence and monarchy phase, reaching the Qaddafi regime, and the post-2011 era. The study aims to understand the complex relationship between the traditional authority of the tribes and the modern central authority, and how tribes influence the political, social, and economic balances in the country. The study employs a political sociology perspective to analyze the relationship between the tribe and the state, highlighting the internal social networks of the tribes, traditional leadership, community loyalties, as well as tribal strategies for managing resources and local conflicts. The results indicate that Libyan tribes have always played a pivotal role in protecting local society, formulating political alliances, and managing conflicts, whether in confronting occupation, during the modern state period, or through the complex transitional periods after 2011. The paper reviews the mechanisms of tribal power reproduction, such as: tribal and political alliances, control over economic resources, traditional leadership and symbolic legitimacy, social and cultural role, management of local conflicts, and direct political influence. The study shows that these mechanisms enable the tribes to maintain their influence and the continuity of their impact across generations, even amid the challenges of the central state or armed conflicts. The paper concludes that the tribe in Libya is not just a traditional social entity, but a flexible socio-political force capable of influencing national and local policies and reproducing authority within a complex context that combines the traditional structure of the state and modern authority, making the understanding of its role fundamental for any strategies aimed at achieving political and social stability in Libya.
Manifestations of Reading Difficulties Among a Sample of Middle School Students from the Perspective of Their Teachers in the Bani Walid City
The study aims to identify the manifestations of reading difficulties among middle school students in the city of Bani Walid from the teachers’ perspective. The researcher employed the descriptive method, with 85 male and female teachers participating. A questionnaire based on Aidh Fahm Al-Bishi’s scale was used, yielding a reliability coefficient of 0.85. The findings showed that reading difficulties result from a combination of school-related factors, such as overcrowded classrooms and weak discipline; student-related factors, including poor comprehension and low motivation; and curriculum-related factors, such as excessive content and weak design. The study also revealed limited diversification of teaching methods and insufficient instructional materials, while family factors had a less noticeable impact. The study concluded that reading difficulties are a multidimensional issue and recommended developing curricula, modernizing teaching methods, strengthening family involvement, and training teachers in effective reading development strategies.
Kairouan as a Civilizational Center: A Study in Urban Development Between the 2nd and 4th Centuries AH / 8th and 10th Centuries CE
Abstract: This study aims to examine the urban development of Kairouan during the 2nd to 4th centuries AH / 8th to 10th centuries CE, considering its crucial role as a major cultural and civilizational center in North Africa. The research investigates the political, economic, social, and religious factors that significantly shaped the city’s urban fabric. Key factors included the political stability during the Aghlabid era, the flourishing of domestic and international trade, and the intense scientific and religious activities within the city. The study specifically analyzes Kairouan’s architectural structure, covering the expansion of its walls and gates, the construction of new neighborhoods, the development of major mosques, palaces, and public facilities, and the organization of its comprehensive street networks. The findings indicate that Kairouan was not merely a conventional Islamic city but rather an integrated civilizational model that successfully combined religious, educational, economic, and social functions. Furthermore, this unique urban model significantly influenced the design and planning of neighboring cities across North Africa. The research recommends preserving Kairouan’s architectural heritage and utilizing its historical urban experiences in contemporary city planning.
National Security in Light of the Transformations of International Alliances
The paper, titled "National Security in Light of the Transformations of International Alliances," examines the phenomenon of international alliances and their impact on state foreign policy, national security, and the stability of the international system. The study defines an international alliance as a formal contractual relationship between two or more states that specifies the rights and duties of the parties' concerning security and defense issues, distinguishing it from an informal coalition. The research highlights those alliances require a state to relinquish part of its independent decision-making capability and may obligate it to support allies in matters that could become irrelevant or detrimental later. The study explores different alliance forms, including defensive treaties, non-aggression treaties, and the more comprehensive Entente alliances. While proponents of the balance of power theory view alliances as a stabilizing factor, proponents of collective security argue that they increase international instability by obstructing free international interaction and creating opposing blocs. The research concludes by recommending avoiding international alliances, asserting that the increase in alliances in the twentieth century was positively correlated with the outbreak of wars and that alliances lead to international polarization and increased tension.
The Social Dimensions of Cybercrime and Strategies for Combating It
This study explores the social dimensions of cybercrime and strategies for its confrontation, noting its increasing prevalence in the Libyan society due to rapid technological advancement. Cybercrime differs from traditional crimes as it requires a minimum level of technical culture, involves the intent to harm others, and is often difficult to detect due to the lack of physical evidence, relying only on digital information traces. The research, utilizing a descriptive analytical method, aims to identify the social dimensions and causes of cybercrime, and their impacts on the victim and perpetrator, while proposing mechanisms for reduction. The findings indicate that cybercrime is often linked to factors such as unemployment and difficult economic and social pressures, which drive some individuals, particularly those with low self-control, to engage in criminal activities as a low-risk, high-return path to achieving desired goals, as explained by the Anomie theory. The study concludes with a set of strategies for prevention and confrontation, including enacting deterrent legislation, strengthening electronic police units, raising community awareness, and adopting strong individual protective measures.
Obstacles to the Application of Practical Education in Faculties of Education from the Students' Perspective: A Case Study of the Faculty of Education, Bani Waleed University
This current study aimed to explore and analyze the obstacles to the application of practical education in faculties of education from the students' perspective, focusing on the Faculty of Education at Bani Walid University in Libya as a case study. The significance of practical education lies in its role as a crucial turning point in shaping the future teacher's personality, with its effectiveness directly impacting the quality of instruction in schools. To achieve its objectives, the study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach. The researcher utilized the practical education obstacles questionnaire developed by Al-Shuraidah and Azz-Eldeen, 2015, after establishing its validity and reliability. The final study sample consisted of (60) male and female students from the literary and scientific departments enrolled in the practical education program. The results indicated a high impact level for several obstacles faced by the students. These high-impact obstacles included two main dimensions: Teaching Obstacles, which relate to teaching skills, theoretical teaching applications, and the use of educational aids and technologies; and Administrative and Organizational Obstacles related to the faculty, which encompassed issues in preparing supervisors, lack of clarity in practical education plans, evaluation mechanisms, and insufficient time allocated for theoretical preparation. In contrast, the dimension of Preparation and Training Obstacles, which covers theoretical field training before commencing the program, was found to have a medium impact level. Furthermore, the results of the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) revealed statistically significant differences based on the Gender variable, with the differences favoring males in the dimensions of Preparation and Training Obstacles, Administrative Obstacles related to the school, and Administrative Obstacles related to the faculty. Similarly, statistically significant differences were found based on the Specialization variable in favor of the Scientific Specialization across the same three dimensions, while the Teaching Obstacles dimension was considered the least influential according to the specialization variable. The study concluded with recommendations emphasizing the necessity of increasing the training duration, focusing on the professional development of supervisors, appointing a general supervisor for the program, and raising school administrations' awareness regarding the program's vital importance for its successful implementation.
The Implications of the Iranian Nuclear Program for the Arab Mashreq Region
The Iranian nuclear program and its impact on the Middle East. Iran is recognized as a regional power holding influence in the Middle East. The Iranian nuclear program is considered a major issue that plagues the region and affects its security. Iran's acquisition of nuclear capability would significantly increase its power regionally. This would pose a threat to American interests and Israel's security, serving as a nuclear deterrent against Israel and breaking its monopoly on nuclear capability. Furthermore, it would lead to an imbalance in the strategic power equilibrium of the region in favor of Iran and its allies. Consequently, in light of evolving events, Iran recognizes the vital role of power in safeguarding its national security from local and regional security challenges and threats, and in possessing deterrent capabilities against potential adversaries. This necessitates developing its defense capabilities in terms of technological and technical sophistication and the size of its armaments.
Verification and Study of the Chapter on "Usurpation" (Al-Ghasb) from the Manuscript "Tahqeeq al-Mabani wa Tahrir al-Ma'ani: An Explanation of the Epistle of Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani" by Sheikh Abu al-Hasan al-Manufi (d. 939 AH)
The research presents the verification of a specific section, the "Chapter on Usurpation" (Kitàb al-Ghasb), from the manuscript titled Verification of Structures and Clarification of Meanings: An Explanation of the Epistle of Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani by Sheikh Abu al-Hasan al-Manufi. The verified part covers the definition and ruling of usurpation, the guarantee of the usurped item, the increase and decrease of the usurped item, and the yield of the usurped item. The primary objective of this verification is to contribute to the completion of the entire book's verification. The methodology employed aimed to produce the text as close as possible to the author’s original intent. The verification includes an introduction to the author, detailing his birth, lineage, teachers, students, works, and death, followed by the verified text and a list of sources and references.
The Grammatical Justification for the Problematic Pauses of Imam Al-Habti: Selected Models
This research presents an in-depth analytical study of the Al-Habti Pause phenomenon, a system of pausing widely adopted in many Qur'anic manuscripts across the Islamic world, particularly in North Africa. The primary objective is to justify and analyze the grammatical and linguistic foundations for the pauses chosen by Imam Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Abi Jum'ah Al-Habti (d. 930 AH). The study specifically focuses on positions that were deemed problematic or subjected to objection and criticism by some scholars of Waqf wal-Ibtida (Punctuation Science), who considered them to involve the separation of the governing word from the governed. The research employs an inductive-deductive methodology, inducing problematic examples and subsequently deducing the grammatical aspects he relied upon. These aspects include relying on a new grammatical start (Istinaf), the estimation of a suppressed saying (Taqdir al-Qawl), or considering the exception to be disconnected (Istithna' Munqati'). The findings establish that Imam Al-Habti's choices are not arbitrary but are firmly based on recognized grammatical aspects and linguistic considerations, thereby confirming his esteemed standing in this science and refuting the accusation that his pauses are ugly or invalid. The study recommends that Qur'an memorizers and students of knowledge focus on Arabic linguistic sciences and exegesis to comprehensively understand the principles of this discipline.
'Ilm Al-Waqf wal-Ibtida (Punctuation Science)
Free Zones in Libya Between Legislative Reality and Commercial Ambition: A Legal Prospective Study
This research addresses the legal gap surrounding the regulation of free zones in Libya, despite their promising economic and commercial potential. It analyzes the conceptual framework of free zones, examines the current legislative reality in Libya, and highlights the legal and administrative challenges hindering their activation. The study also reviews successful international models of free zone regulation to extract key elements that could inform a future legal vision tailored to the Libyan context. The research concludes that the absence of a dedicated and comprehensive legal framework is one of the main obstacles to the effective implementation of free zones in Libya. It emphasizes the urgent need for a clear legislative structure, supported by an independent regulatory authority and a specialized judicial system. The study offers a set of legal and administrative recommendations aimed at transforming free zones into dynamic tools for trade stimulation and sustainable economic development in Libya.
The Implications of US-China Strategic Competition on Global Supply Chain Stability: A Case Study of Semiconductors
The strategic competition between the United States and the People's Republic of China has evolved beyond traditional military and diplomatic realms into a fierce contest for technological supremacy. This paper argues that this competition fundamentally destabilizes global supply chains by politicizing their core architecture, transforming them from efficiency-driven networks into instruments of geopolitical power. Using the semiconductor industry as a critical case study, the analysis demonstrates how policies like export controls, sanctions, and onshoring initiatives create systemic fragility, bifurcate markets, and introduce significant uncertainty into the global economy. The paper employs a qualitative analysis of primary policy documents and secondary economic data to trace the causal mechanisms of this disruption. It concludes that the weaponization of interdependence in the tech sector necessitates a re-evaluation of traditional supply chain models and presents profound challenges for global economic governance.
The Historical Context of the Formation of the Libyan State before 1951
This research paper examines the complex historical roots of the formation of the Libyan state prior to the declaration of independence in 1951, by analyzing the successive political and administrative phases that the region experienced. These phases include the late Ottoman Era (1835–1911), the period of Italian Occupation (1911–1943), and finally the years of British and French Administration (1943–1951). The study reveals that Libya inherited a heavy legacy of administrative weakness and regional fragmentation. During the Ottoman period, a volatile administrative pattern prevailed, characterized by relative decentralization and reliance on tribal leaders, which prevented the establishment of an effective central apparatus. Italian occupation imposed strict centralization and introduced modern institutions (like municipalities and civil registries), yet these were colonial in nature, detached from the local society, and served settlement objectives. The subsequent British and French Administration stage was marked by administrative fragmentation among the regions, but served as a transitional bridge that allowed for the initial training of national administrative cadres, forming the nucleus of the future governmental apparatus. In parallel, the paper emphasizes the pivotal role of the Libyan National Movement, which successfully utilized its Sanusi, tribal, and diplomatic leadership to unify the demand for independence and foster a growing national consciousness in the face of the complex colonial legacy. The main conclusion is that Libya entered the stage of independence in 1951 lacking strong central institutions or a unified administrative structure, despite a national consciousness that was the primary driving force behind the state’s foundation. This historical context constitutes an essential basis for understanding the ongoing structural challenges that the modern Libyan state faced after its inception.
The American Foreign Policy Decisions towards Arab States and the Influence of the Zionist Lobby
This research examines the influence of the Zionist Lobby on American foreign policy decisions towards Arab states. The study addresses the problem of understanding the extent of influence exerted by Zionist groups on the U.S. foreign policy decision-maker and how this policy is directed to serve the interests of "Israel". The research concluded that the U.S. foreign policy towards the Arab region is shaped by internal pressures, primarily the Zionist Lobby. The Lobby is identified as a large group of informal organizations, most notably the "American Israel Public Affairs Committee" (AIPAC). This lobby works to achieve its goals by infiltrating and influencing key U.S. foreign policy decision-making bodies, including the Department of State, Congress, Department of Defense, National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, media and research centers, and economic corporations. U.S. policy objectives in the Arab region include strategic goals such as: preventing the Russian Federation from establishing spheres of influence, securing Western access to oil resources, guaranteeing the security and existence of Israel, and eliminating national liberation movements. The study emphasized that Israel holds a significant position in American strategy, serving as a tool to combat certain regional regimes, with the bilateral relationship based on philosophical foundations, shared values, and an absolute American commitment to Israeli security.
Maritime Piracy: Reality, Challenges, and Solutions (A Reading in Public International Law)
This research examines maritime piracy as a grave crime that threatens international peace and security. It raises questions concerning the effectiveness of international legislation and treaties in combating this phenomenon, and the role of the UN Security Council in addressing it. The study aimed to clarify the efforts undertaken by public international law and relevant international institutions to counter this phenomenon. The researcher adopted both descriptive and analytical approaches. Findings indicate that the 1958 and 1982 conventions overlooked the capacity limitations of states unable to fight piracy within their jurisdictions. Furthermore, maritime piracy is not within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC), which weakens international accountability mechanisms. Piracy also disrupts navigation routes, increases transportation costs, and negatively impacts global oil trade. The crime’s proliferation is often linked to the collapse of legal systems in affected coastal states. The study recommends enhancing national legislation, supporting weaker states, authorizing the use of force against pirates, and including maritime piracy in the Rome Statute of the ICC to ensure international prosecution and justice.
The Russian Role in Reshaping the Security Order in the Middle East and its Impact on Arab Interests
The Middle East is undergoing profound transformations that have reshaped the political and security balance of power, amid changes in the international order and the decline of the US role. This has provided Russia with an opportunity to reposition itself and regain the influence it lost at the end of the Cold War. Its military intervention in Syria in 2015 marked a pivotal turning point, through which Moscow reestablished its presence as an active force in the regional balance of power. Russia's strategy is based on a vision aimed at strengthening its position as a superpower, taking advantage of the region's geopolitical importance as an energy hub and a vital corridor for global trade. Moscow relies on political, military, and diplomatic tools, alongside expanding economic cooperation and building flexible alliances, enabling it to consolidate its presence as a key player in future regional security arrangements. This study aims to analyze Russia’s role and assess its implications for Arab interests. The research employed the descriptive-analytical method. The study concludes that Russia’s policy combines political realism with efforts to consolidate influence through multi-level alliances, creating limited opportunities for Arab cooperation while simultaneously increasing the complexity of the regional security landscape. The study recommends formulating a unified and balanced Arab approach toward Moscow that safeguards Arab interests amid Russia’s growing regional influence.
A critique of the investigation into the explanation of the book "Al-Taysir fi al-Qira'at" by Imam Abd al-Wahid al-Malqi
This research aims to establish a sound scientific methodology in verifying Islamic heritage texts, particularly in the discipline of Quranic Recitations (Qira'at). This study is considered a practical, critical application to evaluate the scholarly verification of the book "Al-Durr Al-Nathir wa Al-Azb Al-Namir fi Sharh Kitab Al-Tayseer" by Imam Abdul Wahid Al-Malaqi (d. 705 AH), which was verified by Adel Ahmad Abdul Mawjud, Ali Muhammad Muawwad, and Ahmad Issa Al-Ma'sarawi. The importance of this book lies in it being a commentary on "Al-Tayseer fi Al-Qira'at Al-Sab'ah" by Abu Amr Al-Dani (d. 444 AH), a cornerstone reference in this field. The study adopted the Inductive, Critical, Analytical, and Comparative Methodology. The critique revealed fundamental violations of the accepted scientific methodology. The most prominent criticisms included: the verifiers' lack of deep understanding of the book's specific components ; deficiency in the scholarly section, especially the study of the author and the book ; relying on only two manuscript copies and neglecting the description of the primary (mother) copy ; inconsistency in comparing copies and editing the text ; confusion in identifying the main sources of the book ; clear disorder in referencing Hadiths and biographical notes (tarajim) for scholars ; and the omission of essential scientific indices. The research concluded with the necessity of re-verifying the book in a scientifically rigorous manner for the benefit of students of knowledge, emphasizing the importance of research critique to guide researchers towards accuracy.
Social risks: A comparative study of some differences between the Libyan Social Security Law No. (13) of 1980 and the Bahraini Social Insurance Law No. (24) of 1976
This research aims to conduct a comparative study between the Libyan Social Security Law No. (13) of 1980 and the Bahraini Social Insurance Law No. (24) of 1976, to determine the extent to which the Libyan legislator succeeded in providing comprehensive protection against social risks compared to its Bahraini counterpart. The study adopted the comparative analytical approach, where common and divergent aspects regarding the scope of covered categories, the competent administrative structure, and the mechanisms for settling rights were analyzed. The research concluded that describing the Libyan Law as a "comprehensive law" is only relative comprehensiveness, due to gaps in its coverage of certain risks. Furthermore, the results revealed that the Libyan Law reinforces the executive authority's interference in the work of the Social Security Fund at the expense of its administrative independence. Accordingly, the research recommends the necessity of legislative amendments to the Libyan Law to ensure the complete independence of the Social Security administration and to keep pace with emerging economic and social changes.
The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Domestic Investment in Libya (2014-2024)
This study aims to analyze the role of fiscal policy in activating domestic investment in Libya during the period (2014–2024). The study sought to highlight the effectiveness of Libyan fiscal policy in achieving economic development by analyzing the evolution of the monetary base, credit facilities granted by commercial banks, and the essential components of the monetary survey, and their relationship to the level of domestic investment, relying on official data issued by the Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical method to study the general trends of fiscal policy, in addition to analyzing the digital data of the monetary base and credit facilities to estimate the impact of fiscal policies on the volume of local liquidity and investment activity across various economic sectors. The results showed that the significant expansion of the monetary base during the 2014–2024 period did not translate proportionally into financing productive activity. Instead, Islamic Murabaha loans and ready money (M1) recorded significant increases, indicating a tendency for liquidity towards consumer financing rather than productive financing. The analysis of credit facilities also revealed that loans directed toward productive economic activities did not increase at the same pace as the rise in total facilities, reflecting the limited contribution of fiscal policy to effectively stimulating local investment. The study concluded that fiscal policy in Libya could be an effective tool for activating domestic investment if it is balanced between oil revenues, public spending, and bank financing for productive activity, with the necessity of diversifying revenue sources, enhancing the banking sector's capacity for productive financing, and achieving political and monetary stability that supports the local investment environment.
Components and Constraints of Tourism Investment in Tocra: A Study to Enhance Economic Development in the City
This study aims to investigate the components of tourism investment in the city of Tocra and identify the constraints facing this sector, with the goal of enhancing economic development in Libya generally and the city specifically. The researchers utilized the historical methodology to trace the historical evolution of the components that have contributed to establishing Tocra as a significant tourism resource. The study concluded that tourism investments have a significant impact on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), contribute to the creation of direct and indirect employment opportunities, and work to raise the national income and standard of living. Furthermore, the findings affirmed that the city is rich in natural and human components that qualify it for a successful tourism industry. However, it faces major challenges, most notably weak infrastructure and a lack of focus on the restoration of archaeological sites, which impedes the establishment of robust tourist activity. The study recommends the necessity of increasing tourism investment incentives to encourage both national and foreign capital.
The Intellectual Contribution of Women during the Hafsid Dynasty (625 AH - 981 AH) (1227-1574 AD): A Study of Scientific and Cultural Presence
This study aims to highlight the intellectual contribution of women during the Hafsid Dynasty (625 AH–981 AH / 1227–1574 AD) in Tunis, a period characterized by remarkable cultural and scientific prosperity. The research reveals the effective role of women in scientific and educational life, whether directly by transmitting Islamic law and the Arabic language in Kuttabs (Qur'anic schools), Zawiyas, and madrasas, or indirectly by attending knowledge circles at the Great Mosque (Al-Zaytuna) or private scholarly circles within homes. Furthermore, the role of Hafsid women in sponsoring the scholarly movement emerged through the endowment of books and manuscripts and the establishment of schools and Zawiyas, reflecting a deep awareness of their role in the service of knowledge and religion. These roles significantly contributed to enriching the scientific and cultural environment, establishing Tunis as one of the bright centers of Islamic civilization in the Islamic West.
The Waiting Period (Iddah) Upon Death in Islamic Sharia: A Concise Jurisprudential Study
This concise jurisprudential study addresses the rulings of "Iddah (waiting period) upon death" in Islamic Sharia, aiming to correct widespread misconceptions and clarify the associated legal provisions. The research problem lies in the fact that many widows commit legal violations and prohibitions, are overly strict in matters of mourning (Ihdad), or spread superstitions regarding Iddah. The study confirmed that Iddah is a compulsory Islamic duty prescribed by God for great wisdom, including preserving lineage by preventing the mixing of men's semen in the wombs, fulfilling the wife's loyalty to her husband, and magnifying the sanctity of the marriage contract. The study also clarified the types of Iddah (pregnancy, menses/purity periods, months), and that the duration of Iddah upon death for a non-pregnant woman is four months and ten days, whether consummated or not. For a pregnant woman, the Iddah ends upon delivery. The woman in Iddah must observe Ihdad (mourning), which means abandoning perfume, adornment, and everything that invites marriage and men, with the obligation for her to reside in the marital home throughout the Iddah period. Permissible mourning is restricted to women only, either for a husband (obligatory) or a relative (three days). The study recommends the importance of religious awareness and disseminating these rulings to avoid mistakes.
Islamic Civilization and the Role of the Judiciary in Preserving Society
This research paper aims to examine the role of the judiciary in Islamic civilization in preserving society and combating corruption in all its forms. Adopting a historical-analytical methodology, the study addresses the Islamic judicial system through three main types: High Judiciary (Al-Qada' Al-Ali), Grievance Judiciary (Qada' Al-Mazalim), and Hisbah Judiciary (Qada' Al-Hisbah). The High Judiciary is concerned with settling disputes, enforcing rights, and implementing legal punishments (Hudud). The Grievance Judiciary focuses on overseeing the conduct of governors and redressing injustices, particularly those committed by people in authority. The Hisbah Judiciary specializes in monitoring markets, public morals, and urban affairs to ensure societal compliance with commanding right and forbidding wrong. The study concludes that the integration between these judicial bodies contributed to building a comprehensive and effective legal system. This system not only combated financial and administrative corruption but also extended to preserving faith-based and ethical values. This has gained international recognition through numerous legal conferences that affirmed the value of Islamic Sharia as a vital and evolving legislative source.
Critical Edition and Study of Sheikh Al-Hudayri's Poetic Composition on the Rites of Hajj (d. 1061 AH)
This research addresses the "Explanation of Al-Hudayri's Poetic Composition on the Rites of Hajj," by Sheikh Ali bin Abi Bakr Al-Hudayri (d. 1061 AH), as a work aimed at reviving this system and introducing the Libyan heritage and its scholars. The explanation begins by analyzing the composer's introduction and praise of God, and moves to detail the rituals starting with the state of Ihram from the Miqat with Ifrad (Hajj performed singly) , mentioning the Sunan (recommended acts) before Ihram such as bathing , the Talbiyah (chanting) , the obligatory Tawaf Al-Qudum (Tawaf of Arrival) , and Sa'y (running between Safa and Marwa) as the second pillar for those coming from outside Mecca. It then details the rituals of the major Hajj days: heading to Mina on the Day of Tarwiyah , the Standing at Arafah (the greatest pillar) , departing to Muzdalifah and spending the night there , then returning to Mina on the Day of Sacrifice for stoning the Jamrat Al-Aqabah , offering sacrifices, the minor disengagement from Ihram (Al-Tahallul Al-Asghar) , and the major disengagement by Tawaf Al-Ifadah (Tawaf of Departure) which completes the pillars of Hajj. The research concludes by explaining the return to Mina to spend the nights of Tashreeq and stoning the three Jamarat as a Sunnah.
International Administrative Law: A Comprehensive Framework for Regulating the Relationship between International Organizations and Their Staff
This study aims to examine International Administrative Law as a comprehensive framework for regulating the relationship between international organizations and their staff, focusing on administrative responsibility and accountability mechanisms. The research addresses the nature of international administration, the legal basis of administrative responsibility, practical forms of responsibility towards employees, states, and individuals, and recent trends and future challenges. It also reviews international judicial jurisprudence and examples of international administrative courts, analyzing compensation mechanisms, transparency, and administrative reforms. The study concludes that international administrative law is a fundamental tool to ensure accountability, procedural justice, and the protection of rights within international organizations, highlighting the need to develop the legal framework to keep pace with future digital and institutional transformations.
Investigating Imam Malik's statement regarding the ranking of the Companions (may God be pleased with them) in terms of merit
This research examines a pivotal and contentious issue among various Islamic sects and schools of thought: the ranking of the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) in virtue. It specifically discusses the different positions attributed to Imam Malik regarding this matter. The methodology employed in this study involved inductively surveying Imam Malik's statements, collecting, analyzing, and discussing the relevant texts. The research aimed to determine the correct and established view of Malik on this issue, supported by the evidence that substantiates this position. The findings were manifold, with the most significant being: Imam Malik’s affirmation of the legitimacy of differentiating (i.e., making preference) among the Companions, and the clarification that his most probable and settled opinion concerning their ranking in virtue is the preference of the Four Caliphs in the order of their succession (i.e., Abu Bakr, then Umar, then Uthman, then Ali). Consequently, his final view aligns with the general position and consensus of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah.
University Teaching Methods and Curricula: Reality, Challenges, and Modern Trends
This study aims to investigate the status of university curricula and teaching methods at Bani Waleed University, and their compatibility with scientific and technological developments, student needs, and the job market. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, and data were collected from a sample of faculty members using a validated questionnaire. The results showed that the evaluation of the university curricula's reality was High, with an overall mean of (3.75), indicating a notable interest in incorporating quality standards and academic accreditation, along with emerging elements like flexibility and continuous updating. Furthermore, the results revealed a noticeable effectiveness in the use of modern teaching methods, with an overall mean of (3.80), particularly in utilizing educational technology, while the diversification of assessment methods and the consideration of individual differences still require development. The challenges faced were rated as Very High, with an overall mean of (3.97), the most prominent of which were the lack of technical infrastructure, weak training, and high teaching load/scheduling pressure. The findings also indicated that faculty members contribute to curriculum development at a Medium-High degree (3.62), with variation in practical roles such as inter-departmental cooperation and the utilization of research findings. Statistical analysis showed significant differences based on the college variable, favoring the educational colleges, while no significant differences were recorded based on experience or academic qualification. The study recommends periodic curriculum review, intensifying faculty training programs, and providing a stimulating educational environment that promotes creativity and interaction in university classrooms.
Criminal liability of the director of an economic establishment for crimes of his subordinates in the light of the provisions of Libyan and French law
Abstract Liability for the acts of others is one of the most intricate legal concepts and finds wide application in the field of economic crimes, due to the complexity of hierarchical relationships within business entities. Among its most significant forms is the criminal liability of the company's director for offenses committed by subordinates in the course of their duties or in connection therewith. This study highlights the main issues raised by such liability under both Libyan and French law, through an analysis of its legal foundation, the determination of its nature and scope, and the examination of the legal grounds for exoneration, foremost among them force majeure and the delegation of powers.
Criminal liability for the act of another