Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies
The Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies (CJHES) ISSN: (3105-9481) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Academic University in Libya. With a commitment to advancing knowledge, CJHES publishes four issues annually, covering a wide range of topics within the humanities and educational sciences. Our Vision To be a leading platform for high-quality research that contributes to the understanding and development of the humanities and educational fields. Our Mission To provide a rigorous and accessible venue for scholars to publish original research, fostering intellectual exchange and collaboration. Our Objectives To publish cutting-edge research across all sub-disciplines of the humanities and educational sciences. To promote open-access scholarly publishing. To uphold the highest standards of academic integrity and peer review. For more information, you can visit the journal's website at or contact the editor at editor@cjhes.com.ly. You can also reach them via WhatsApp at +218925574772.
Skepticism between Al-Ghazali and Descartes: A Comparative Analytical Study
This comparative analytical study examines the concept of doubt as a methodological approach in the philosophies of Al-Ghazali and Rene Descartes. The research clarifies that doubt for both philosophers is a constructive stage aimed at reaching intellectual and scientific truths, fundamentally differing from destructive skepticism. By employing historical and descriptive-analytical methods, the study explores the origins of doubt and the cognitive issues that triggered it in their respective eras. The analysis details their systematic skepticism toward sensory perceptions, rational axioms, and conscious life experiences. The findings highlight significant parallels in their pursuit of certain knowledge and liberation from inherited prejudices. Notably, the study concludes that Al-Ghazali’s methodological doubt preceded Descartes by six centuries, suggesting a potential influence of Islamic thought on modern Western philosophy, evidenced by the presence of Al-Ghazali's works in Descartes' library.
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The Libyan Crisis and Ways to Address it According to the Methodology of Prophet Joseph (Peace Be Upon Him)
The research aims to analyze the economic crisis management strategies during the era of Prophet Joseph (PBUH) and explore their applicability to the current Libyan economic crisis. By employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study investigates the nature of the agricultural crisis in ancient Egypt, which lasted fifteen years, and evaluates the contemporary economic challenges in Libya, characterized by macroeconomic instability and institutional weakness. The findings indicate that the crisis in Joseph’s era was resolved through a rigorous three-stage planning budget: the early warning and saving stage (the first seven years), the crisis confrontation stage (the second seven years), and the recovery stage. In contrast, the Libyan crisis is attributed to reliance on a single resource, political instability, and administrative corruption. The study recommends adopting the Quranic approach of strategic foresight, agricultural investment, and food security as a roadmap for Libya. This involves moving away from oil dependency, activating transparency, and implementing long-term storage and distribution systems. The research concludes that the Josephian model provides a timeless framework for sustainability and resilience that can guide Libyan policymakers toward economic stability.
The Effects of Using the Mother Tongue When Teaching English Language
There has long been debate concerning using L1 in L2 lessons. According to Krashen (1981), extensive exposure to L2 is necessary for L2 learning to be successful. Furthermore, he claims that having access to L1 is what leads to failure in L2 exposure. In contrast to Krashen's theory, several academics stated that using L1 in L2 classrooms proves to be beneficial to learners. This research aimed to find out the effect of using first language (L1) when teaching English language. The data were obtained from questionnaires distributed to 60 teachers. The other research sample consists of 8 male and female teachers from 6 secondary public schools in Libya. The different schools in this study were chosen randomly using stratified random sampling. Those 8 teachers were interviewed to discover their perceptions towards the effects of applying L1 in L2 classes. The study addressed various issues that may influence teachers' practices, including teachers’ perceptions towards the processes of using L1 inside English classes. The results of the questionnaire revealed that 75% of the teachers stated that L1 should be used when explaining difficult concepts. In addition, the results of the interviews revealed that six out of eight teachers were quite sure that using L1 helps students to feel more secure and confidents to use the target language.
The Transformation of Libyan Family Functions: A Descriptive and Analytical Sociological Study
The Libyan society has undergone profound transformations in recent decades, significantly impacting various social systems, most notably the Libyan family as a primary social institution. This study aims to analyze the manifestations of change in the functions of the Libyan family from a sociological perspective, following its evolution from a traditional extended structure to a modern nuclear form. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, the research monitors changes in biological, economic, educational, and social functions. The findings indicate that while the family was once a self-sufficient unit performing all vital roles, the emergence of specialized state institutions has led to a contraction of these functions. Despite these shifts, the biological function remains a fundamental pillar for the continuity of the human species. Furthermore, the study highlights that the Libyan family has transitioned from a production unit to a consumption unit, influenced by oil revenues and modernization. The results also emphasize the impact of women's education and their entry into the labor market on reshaping family dynamics and social roles. Ultimately, the study concludes that despite the rapid social changes, the contemporary Libyan family maintains its distinct cultural identity and remains a vital refuge for individuals, grounded in Islamic values and social solidarity.
Structural Linguistics according to De Saussure: Intellectual Premises and Philosophical Backgrounds
Structural Linguistics, pioneered by Ferdinand de Saussure, represents a fundamental shift in linguistic study, moving from historical and comparative analysis to a scientific, descriptive approach that examines language "in and for itself". This research employs a descriptive-analytical method to explore the intellectual premises and philosophical backgrounds of Saussurean linguistics. The study highlights Saussure’s revolutionary distinction between 'Langue' (the social system of language) and 'Parole' (the individual act of speech), emphasizing that language is a structured system of signs where the value of each element is determined by its relationship to others within the whole. Central to this framework is the 'Linguistic Sign,' characterized by the arbitrary relationship between the 'Signifier' (acoustic image) and the 'Signified' (concept). Saussure also introduced the duality of 'Synchronic' (static) and 'Diachronic' (evolutionary) studies, prioritizing the internal structure over external historical influences. The research concludes that Saussure’s work provided the epistemological foundation for modern linguistics and significantly influenced diverse fields such as literary criticism, philosophy, and psychology. By establishing linguistics as an autonomous science with rigorous methodologies, Saussure created a paradigm that remains a cornerstone of contemporary human sciences.
The Role of Corporate Governance in Achieving Sustainable Development in Libya (In Light of WGI Challenges)
This research analyzes the role of Corporate Governance (CG) in achieving Sustainable Development (SD) in Libyan institutions, considering the structural constraints imposed by weak Macro Governance (WGI). The study addresses a critical gap by distinguishing between micro-level corporate mechanisms and the macro-level institutional environment. Results indicate that Libya’s governance performance remains critically low, ranking within the bottom 5% globally across all World Bank indicators from 2018 to 2023. This persistent decline in indicators such as political stability, regulatory quality, and control of corruption has created a disabling environment that obstructs the effective implementation of corporate governance standards. Furthermore, despite the existence of mandatory local frameworks—such as the 2010 Corporate Governance Manual for Banks—there is a significant lack of commitment from institutional management. The failure of internal control systems and the absence of transparency have allowed for administrative biases and widespread corruption. These factors combined have led to a marked decline in sustainable development rates and discouraged both domestic and foreign investments. The paper concludes that achieving economic, social, and environmental welfare in Libya is intrinsically linked to structural reforms in macro-governance and the genuine activation of accountability mechanisms.
The Significance of Repetition in Al-Sayyab's "Rain Song" and Its Impact on the Poem's Structure
Badr Shakir al-Sayyab is considered one of the most prominent pioneers of modern Arabic free verse (taf'ila poetry). He and his contemporaries rebelled against the traditional classical form (columnar poetry) and innovated the poem’s structure by abandoning the unified rhyme. In 1947, the poet published "Was it Love?", marking his name among the innovators of Arabic poetry alongside Nazik al-Mala'ika, who published her poem "Cholera" in the same year. Some critics consider these two poems as the true beginning of the free verse movement. I was intrigued by the stylistic phenomenon of repetition in his masterpiece "Rain Song"; thus, I sought to explore its underlying causes through a modest study titled: "The Significance of Repetition in Al-Sayyab's 'Rain Song' and Its Impact on the Poem's Structure." The second motivation for choosing this topic was to enrich the Arabic library. The importance of repetition in "Rain Song" is manifested in emphasizing, clarifying, and strengthening the meaning, and it inherently reflects the poet’s psychological state. Through the repetition of specific terms, al-Sayyab managed to project his sorrow as sighs emanating from the depths of his soul. Furthermore, repetition reveals the vast space occupied by the word "rain" within the text's architecture, as this word dominates the entire poem. The term "rain" serves as a recurring symbol to create a psychological rhythm that blends life and death, prosperity and destruction, and good and evil—expressing both a hope for renewal and the grief of reality. The poem is structured through recurring refrains ("Rain... Rain... Rain"), which divide it into segments symbolizing the transformations of rain between blessing and curse. This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and is divided into two sections: the first provides a brief overview of the poet and the emergence of free verse, and the second examines the significance of repetition in "Rain Song" and its impact on the poem’s structure. These sections are followed by a conclusion summarizing the research findings. Finally, I ask Almighty God for success and guidance.
Coordination of Administration over the Management
There are distinctions between management and administration, despite their apparent similarity. The goals of any organization and the formulation of crucial policies are within the purview of administration. However, upper management is aware that this is all about achieving the administration's objectives. Managers are part of the executive function group, whereas administrators have a more stable and predictable job description. Important company choices are made by the administration overall, while management is accountable for making judgements within the parameters set by the administration. At the very top of the hierarchy are administrative duties, and in the very middle are management ones. It will become obvious that the owners are the ones who put up the money and reap the rewards if the organization's status is examined. Managers are a team of individuals who pool their expertise to accomplish the organization's objectives. Many people have administrative positions in the public sector, the military, religious institutions, and academic groups. Management is a tool that commercial enterprises use. Administrative decisions are impacted by public opinion, government legislation, social and religious issues, and norms, attitudes, and perspectives on norms, whereas management decisions are impacted by the opposite. We must understand that standards play a role in managerial decision-making.
Respecting Human Rights to Ensure Effective Transitional Justice: The Right to Victims' Compensation as a Model
This research paper explores the critical role of respecting human rights as a fundamental pillar for ensuring the success of transitional justice processes, with a specific focus on the right to compensation for victims. The study addresses a central problem: the extent to which human rights standards contribute to effective transitions and the legal framework governing reparations. Employing an analytical-foundational methodology, the author examines international legal references and domestic frameworks to define the intersection between human rights—rooted in dignity and equality—and transitional justice mechanisms. The research highlights that while transitional justice seeks to address past violations through judicial and non-judicial measures, its legitimacy depends heavily on its adherence to human rights principles. On a practical level, the paper analyzes the right to redress in its substantive and procedural dimensions, encompassing material compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of non-repetition. It further underscores the significance of truth commissions in uncovering violations and acknowledging victims as a pathway toward social reconciliation. The study concludes that respecting human rights is a prerequisite for the viability of transitional justice. However, it acknowledges significant challenges posed by the scale of past abuses and the fragility of institutional frameworks during transitional periods. Finally, the paper advocates for clear reform strategies, the reinforcement of the rule of law, and intensified national and international cooperation to prevent future violations and ensure sustainable peace.
The Legal Status of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Non-Member States: Libya as a Case Study
This research examines the legal status of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and its operational framework within non-signatory states, specifically focusing on Libya. The study explores the legal definition of a refugee under the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol, distinguishing it from related concepts like economic migration and internal displacement. It highlights the functional scope of UNHCR, which operates under a humanitarian mandate to provide international protection and seek permanent solutions for refugees. The paper critically analyzes the legal basis for UNHCR’s presence in Libya, noting that Libya is not a party to the 1951 Convention and that the agency’s activities initially began through a specific memorandum of understanding to assist specific groups. However, the research identifies significant legal violations, such as the unauthorized establishment of a separate office, the registration of individuals as refugees without state consent, and the issuance of identification cards that lack local legal recognition. These actions are viewed as infringements on national sovereignty, especially given the current political instability and the absence of domestic refugee legislation. The study concludes with recommendations to the Libyan legislature to draft comprehensive national laws regulating asylum in accordance with international standards while safeguarding state sovereignty. It also calls for addressing these diplomatic and legal breaches through official United Nations channels to ensure that humanitarian work respects the legal frameworks of host nations.
The Implications of Moral Values in Pre-Islamic Poetry
The study explores the term "Jahiliyyah," defining it as a religious state of ignorance regarding Islam rather than a lack of knowledge or morality. Contrary to Orientalist claims that pre-Islamic Arabs were lawless looters, historical evidence confirms they possessed a sophisticated system of ethical values including generosity, courage, forbearance, chastity, and loyalty. Using a descriptive-historical approach, the research analyzes the "Mu'allaqat" (The Hanging Odes) as a primary source of these virtues. The findings indicate that Arabic poetry served as a moral constitution, where poets like Zuhair bin Abi Sulma and Antarah bin Shaddad immortalized wisdom and integrity. The study concludes that Islam did not invent these ethics but came to "complete" and refine them, as stated by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
Variation in Grammar as a Theoretical Issue: A Usage-Based Approach to Explain Language Patterns
This paper argues that variation in grammar is not a side effect. It is part of grammar itself. A usage-based view explains this point with stored experience, repeated exposure, and graded choices. Grammar is shaped by what speakers hear, say, and remember. Patterns grow strong through repetition. Rare options stay weak, local, or genre-bound. This view helps explain why languages show both stable structure and flexible choice. The paper first reviews major work on usage-based grammar, variation, and constructional learning. It then presents a small open-data experiment based on five Universal Dependencies treebanks and one genre study from the English Web Treebank. The analysis tracks pronoun subjects, auxiliary density, subject-verb order, verb-object order, and adjective position. The results show clear cross-linguistic contrasts and clear genre effects. English shows frequent pronoun subjects and high auxiliary density. Spanish shows low overt subject use. Turkish strongly prefers object-before-verb order. French and Spanish favor many postnominal adjectives. These patterns fit a model in which grammar is a probabilistic network of constructions shaped by discourse, processing, and repeated use. The study supports a theoretical claim. Variation should not be placed outside grammar. It should be treated as evidence for how grammar is built, stored, and changed over time.
Instructional and Administrative Workloads and Their Impact on Academic Performance Effectiveness
This study aims to investigate the impact of teaching and administrative workloads on the effectiveness of academic performance among faculty members at the Faculty of Education Nasser, University of Zawia. The research addresses the increasing pressures faced by academics, balancing instructional duties with administrative responsibilities, and how these factors influence the quality of educational outcomes. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the study identifies the primary challenges hindering optimal performance, including overcrowded classrooms, extensive committee work, and bureaucratic requirements. The findings suggest that while teaching remains the core mission, excessive administrative burdens significantly detract from research productivity and pedagogical innovation. The study concludes with several recommendations, most notably the importance of achieving a balance in task distribution, automating administrative processes to save time, and enhancing the academic environment to support faculty members in fulfilling their roles effectively. These measures are essential for ensuring the sustainability of higher education quality and improving institutional performance.
Reasoning based on Islamic Legal Rulings in the Mālikī School: A Foundational and Applied Jurisprudential Study
This stud investigates justification of a legal ruling by another legal ruling within Mālikī jurisprudence with reference to the theoretical and applied perspectives. This research depends on a partial inductive approach and survey material from authoritative Mālikī legal sources. An applied approach in presenting selected juristic cases reasoning based on Islamic legal rulings in the Mālikī School: A Foundational and Applied Jurisprudential Study grounded in this mode of justification, and an analytical approach to examine and evaluate the positions of Mālikī scholars across both theoretical and practical dimensions. The findings of the study reveal that rulings preserved in the corpus of classical Islamic jurisprudence are not the product of subjective inclination. Furthermore, the results show that are rooted in systematic legal principles and coherent epistemological foundations. The results also indicates that rulings are based on a scientific rule and a deep understanding that assist readers to link emerging issues and nawāzil to their governing principles such as justification of a legal ruling by another legal ruling. Moreover, the results highlight the significance of one legal ruling through another, which occupies a meaningful place within Mālikī legal thought.
Islamic Endowments and Their Impact on the Economy and Society: An Analytical Islamic Perspective
This research examines the concept of Waqf (endowment) in Islamic jurisprudence by clarifying its linguistic and technical meanings and outlining the evidence for its legality. It also sheds light on the Islamic perspective regarding the legislation of Waqf, illustrating the issue of Islamic endowment between theoretical philosophy and practical perfection. Furthermore, the study explores the ways in which Islam preserves societies through Waqf, as well as the impact and role of endowments in serving the Muslim community according to Sharia theory. One of the reasons that grant this subject its significance is its connection to the documentation of Waqf from the perspective of Islamic Law.
Socio-Economic Factors Leading to Administrative Corruption in Libya and Methods of Combating It: A Survey Study of Administrative Staff in the Education and Health Sectors in Tobruk
This study aimed to identify the socio-economic factors leading to administrative corruption in the Libyan state, specifically within the education and health sectors in Tobruk. It also sought to highlight its various forms, resulting impacts, and methods of combat, while exploring the statistical relationship between social factors and corruption manifestations. To achieve these goals, the study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 212 administrative employees. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed that both social and economic factors significantly contribute to administrative corruption, with social factors scoring a high mean of 4.06 and economic factors scoring 3.73. The findings indicated that administrative corruption is widely prevalent, manifested through nepotism, tribalism, and the misuse of public office for personal gain. Additionally, the study confirmed a statistically significant relationship between social factors and the prevalence of administrative corruption in the targeted sectors. The research concluded with several recommendations, most notably the necessity of activating legal oversight, enhancing transparency, improving the living standards of employees, and promoting a culture of integrity and accountability within public institutions to mitigate the spread of this phenomenon.
The Impact of Knowledge Management Processes on Organizational Creativity: A Field Study at the Libyan Authority for Scientific Research
This study aims to investigate the impact of knowledge management processes on organizational creativity at the Libyan Authority for Scientific Research. The researchers employed a deductive approach, reviewing theoretical frameworks and prior studies to formulate testable hypotheses. A field study was conducted using a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 267 employees at the main branch, with 223 valid responses analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, specifically employing descriptive statistics, Cronbach's Alpha for reliability, and multiple regression analysis to test the hypotheses. The findings revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between all five dimensions of knowledge management (knowledge identification, generation, storage, distribution, and application) and organizational creativity. Specifically, the regression model explained 51.3% of the variance in organizational creativity. The study concludes that increasing the proficiency of these knowledge processes directly enhances the level of organizational creativity within the Authority. Based on these results, the researchers recommend establishing a specialized administrative department for knowledge management within the organizational structure and fostering an environment that supports innovation through continuous training and employee participation in decision-making.
Libyan Authority for Scientific Research
Philosophy of Social Work and the Importance of Theory and Practice in Social Service
The research examines the scientific foundations of social work, emphasizing the critical interplay between theory and practice in enhancing professional intervention skills. It addresses the philosophical debates between theoretical perspectives, including the pragmatic and positivist views, which ultimately converged toward eclecticism as a systematic method for professional intervention. The study highlights that the efficacy of social work relies on developing a robust knowledge base that integrates administrative, planning, and organizational theories to reduce errors and optimize resource utilization. Furthermore, it explores the impact of modernity and postmodernity on practice theories, where organized integration allows practitioners to select appropriate theoretical frameworks based on specific field experiences and environmental interactions. The paper identifies key success factors for applying these theoretical trends, such as the political and economic climate, while warning against the growth of administrative bureaucracy. It also underscores the importance of the scientific base, which includes concepts, facts, and hypotheses derived from social sciences like psychology and sociology to guide professional intervention away from randomness. Finally, the research discusses the role of social research and professional ethics in evaluating the validity of these theories and their suitability for contemporary social demands.
The Legal Nature of the International Seabed Area
The legal nature of the "Area" defined as the seabed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdiction represents a pivotal issue in international maritime law. Following World War II, industrial and technological advancements highlighted the vast mineral wealth in deep-sea environments, triggering competing sovereign claims and legal uncertainty. Historically, legal scholars debated two traditional Roman law concepts: "res nullius," which views the seabed as ownerless property subject to appropriation through occupation, and "res communis," which treats it as common property open to free exploration by all capable states. However, both frameworks risked creating inequality and overexploitation. In 1967, Arvid Pardo introduced the transformative "Common Heritage of Mankind" (CHM) doctrine, advocating for peaceful use, international management, and equitable benefit-sharing, particularly for developing nations. Although the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) formally adopted CHM in Article 136, the subsequent 1994 Agreement introduced market-oriented concessions to ensure the participation of industrialized powers. These modifications shifted the regime toward a commercial logic, potentially diluting the original humanitarian essence of the CHM principle. This paper examines the evolution of these theories, analyzes the legal framework under UNCLOS, and evaluates the current challenges in actualizing the Area’s status as a shared global resource.
Educational Neuroscience Principles in Teacher Guides: Analyzing the Alignment of Suggested Teaching Strategies with Modern Brain Research
This research explores the field of educational neuroscience, representing a paradigm shift in understanding human learning and information encoding. The research problem focuses on the existing gap between neuroscientific findings and pedagogical practices documented in teacher guides, which often rely on outdated theories or "neuromyths." The study aims to evaluate the alignment of teaching strategies and activities in teacher guides with modern educational neuroscience principles. Using a descriptive-analytical approach through content analysis, the teacher’s guide for the second-grade intermediate science curriculum was selected as a purposive sample. A standardized content analysis card was developed based on four main neuro-psychological pillars: neuroplasticity and cognitive activity, inhibitory control and the pedagogy of error, the socio-emotional environment, and executive functions. The results indicate a disparity in the inclusion of these principles, with neuroplasticity and cognitive engagement appearing more frequently than inhibitory control and error correction strategies. The findings highlight the necessity of bridging the gap between neuroscience and education by updating teacher guides to include evidence-based brain research. This ensures the optimization of learners' cognitive potential and avoids traditional instructional pitfalls. The study recommends integrating neuro-pedagogical training for curriculum designers and teachers to translate neuroscientific evidence into effective classroom practices.
Socialization and Its Role in Combating Juvenile Delinquent Behaviors: A Field Study on a Sample of Families in Bani Walid Municipality
The study focuses on the critical role of social upbringing within the family in preventing juvenile delinquency. This process is the primary foundation for personality development, transforming individuals from biological beings into social entities integrated into their community. The research examines various methods of social upbringing, highlighting how sound practices steer individuals away from prohibited behaviors, while improper upbringing can lead to actions that violate social norms and result in delinquency. Conducted in the municipality of Bani Walid, the field study surveyed a sample of families to explore the impact of socioeconomic status and parenting styles such as reward, punishment, and active listening on juvenile behavior. Findings indicate that a high educational level for parents and stable financial conditions significantly reduce the likelihood of behavioral deviations. Additionally, family cohesion, particularly within nuclear families, serves as a vital shield against delinquency. The study emphasizes that while the family is the cornerstone, other institutions like schools and media also play essential roles in the socialization process. Ultimately, the research recommends providing necessary support to families and enhancing cooperation between official institutions to instill positive values and ethics, thereby protecting the youth the foundation of the future from social ills.
Asbāb al-Nuzūl and Their Impact on Clarifying Islamic Legal Rulings: A Foundational and Applied Study
This research examines the discipline of Asbāb al-Nuzūl (occasions of revelation) as one of the most significant and precise fields of Qur’anic studies, highlighting its vital role in understanding the text and deriving its legal implications. The study aims to define the concept of Asbāb al-Nuzūl, emphasize its importance in both Qur’anic exegesis (Tafsīr) and legal theory (Usūl al-Fiqh), and establish the methodological guidelines necessary for its application in juristic reasoning. Utilizing an inductive and analytical methodology, the research explores classical exegetical and legal-theoretical sources to analyze the impact of contextual revelation on general and specific rulings, abrogation (Naskh), and the resolution of apparent contradictions between texts. Furthermore, the study presents various practical juristic applications—such as the gradual prohibition of alcohol, and rulings on Liʿān (mutual imprecation), Ẓihār, and the change of the Qiblah—demonstrating how the historical context of revelation significantly shapes legal interpretation. The research concludes that while Asbāb al-Nuzūl constitute a crucial interpretive tool for determining the scope and objectives of rulings, their application must be strictly governed by established principles. Chief among these principles are verifying the authenticity of reports, upholding the rule that legal consideration is given to the generality of the wording rather than the specificity of the cause, and maintaining coherence with the broader Qur’anic context and the higher objectives (Maqāṣid) of Islamic law. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that the balanced integration of contextual knowledge and textual generality is the optimal approach for achieving a sound and coherent understanding of Qur’anic legislation.
Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence (Usūl al-Fiqh)
Generality of Wording and Specificity of Cause
Land Tenure and Industries in the Regency of Tripoli (1711–1835 AD)
This research investigates the economic landscape of the Regency of Tripoli during the Karamanli era (1711–1835 AD), focusing on land tenure systems and industrial crafts. The study explores various patterns of land ownership, including private, tribal, endowment (Waqf), and state-owned (Amiri) lands, highlighting how natural factors like water scarcity and primitive irrigation methods influenced agricultural productivity. Agriculture formed the backbone of the economy, with significant production of cereals, vegetables, and fruit trees, particularly olives and date palms in coastal areas and oases. Parallelly, the study examines the modest yet essential industrial sector, which relied heavily on manual labor and local raw materials. Key industries included textiles (wool and silk), tanning, leatherwork, pottery, and metallurgy, often organized into specialized guilds and markets. The research concludes that while the Regency possessed diverse resources, the later years of the Karamanli reign were marked by economic fluctuation and decline due to administrative neglect, excessive taxation, and a lack of technical modernization, which hindered the sustainable development of the province’s wealth.
Emirati political and economic motives for normalization with Israel
This research paper explores the political and economic motives driving the United Arab Emirates toward normalization with Israel within the framework of the Abraham Accords. The study is structured into three main sections: a historical overview of UAE-Israel relations, an analysis of political and security drivers, and an examination of economic and commercial incentives. Historically, the paper traces the shift from clandestine diplomacy dating back to the 1990s to the formal signing of the Accords in 2020. Politically, the research identifies several key factors: the shared strategic threat posed by Iran’s regional expansion and nuclear ambitions, the pursuit of advanced Israeli cyber-security and surveillance technologies, and a mutual interest in countering political Islam movements. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the transition toward a new regional security architecture, including Israel’s integration into the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), which facilitates strategic alliances and defense cooperation. Economically, the UAE views normalization as a vital tool for economic diversification and achieving global leadership in climate diplomacy. The paper highlights significant growth in bilateral trade, reaching billions of dollars, and strategic investments in Israel’s energy and technology sectors. However, the study concludes that while official relations have flourished, a lack of popular public support remains a significant internal challenge. Ultimately, the paper confirms that combined political and economic interests have fundamentally reshaped the UAE’s foreign policy toward Israel.
The effectiveness of Teaching Systemic Functional Grammar in Improving EFL Postgraduates' Academic Writing Skills, Faculty of Arts and Languages
The Functional Grammar Approach is a modern linguistic perspective that views language as a tool for communication rather than merely a set of formal rules. According to Halliday, language serves three main functions: the ideational function (expressing ideas and experiences), the interpersonal function (building social relationships), and the textual function (organizing messages in a coherent way). This approach represents a significant shift in linguistic studies, focusing on meaning, context, and communication, and offering a deep understanding of how language functions in everyday life. This study examined the effectiveness of the Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) approach in enhancing academic writing skills among EFL postgraduate students. An experimental design was employed to compare 25 students’ performance in pre- and post-tests, and adopting content analysis to reveal which skills were truly improved. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement in students’ writing after the implementation of the SFG approach. Furthermore, content analysis of students’ texts showed noticeable progress in vocabulary use, organization, and cohesion. The findings also highlighted the important role of thematic structures, particularly theme and rheme, in improving coherence and textual organization. These results support the view that grammar should be taught as a functional and meaningful resource rather than a set of mere rules. Based on these findings, the study recommends integrating authentic learning environments, adopting implicit grammar teaching strategies, and promoting critical thinking to further develop students’ writing competence.
Digital Social Relations as a Path to Critical Awareness among Youth: A Critical Deductive Analytical Approach in Light of the One-Dimensional Man Theory
This desk-based theoretical study aims to analyze the trajectory of digital social relations that emerge from youths’ use of social media, in light of Herbert Marcuse’s One-Dimensional Man theory. The study departs from the profound transformations in the technological structure of contemporary societies, where digital platforms have become dominant spaces for producing consciousness and organizing social relations, thereby reinforcing forms of fast, superficial interaction based on consumption and repetition at the expense of rational dialogue and critical thinking. The research problem is framed around how these digital relations contribute either to building an independent, critical social awareness or to reproducing passive integration and one-dimensional consciousness among youth through mechanisms that normalize ready-made ideas and restrict possibilities of refusal and questioning. The study adopts a deductive critical approach, through an in-depth analysis of Marcuse’s theoretical texts and contemporary sociological and philosophical literature, in addition to drawing on findings of previous studies related to social media and critical thinking. The study concludes that digital social relations hold a dual potential: they can, on the one hand, expand horizons of awareness and provide opportunities for cognitive interaction, yet, on the other hand, under market and algorithmic logics, they tend to produce adaptive, one-dimensional consciousness unless supported by conscious critical practices. The study finally emphasizes the need to integrate education for critical thinking and digital awareness into educational institutions and cultural programs, in order to promote a more emancipatory and responsible use of social media.
The Role of Anti-Administrative Corruption Measures in Advancing Sustainable Development
This study addresses the problem of administrative corruption as a complex phenomenon that affects various aspects of economic, social, and political life, constituting a significant obstacle to the achievement of sustainable development. It aims to examine the nature of administrative corruption and its main forms, as well as to clarify the concept of sustainable development and its objectives, with a particular focus on analyzing the factors contributing to the spread of corruption and its implications for the development process. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on a range of specialized studies and references. The findings indicate that administrative corruption manifests in various practices, including bribery, nepotism, favoritism, and abuse of power. Its prevalence is associated with several key factors, most notably weak oversight mechanisms, lack of accountability, inequitable distribution of resources, and deficiencies in institutional structures. The study concludes that administrative corruption hinders the achievement of sustainable development by depleting resources, weakening institutional performance, obstructing investment, and exacerbating social problems such as poverty and unemployment, thereby negatively affecting stability and overall development. It also emphasizes the need to adopt effective anti-corruption strategies based on enhancing transparency, strengthening accountability, and promoting a culture of integrity within society.
Social relations between doctor and patient and their role in influencing the treatment course: A field study analyzing data from doctors and patients at Bani Walid General Hospital
This study examines the social dimensions of the physician-patient relationship and their profound implications for the therapeutic process at Bani Walid General Hospital. The research aims to explore how social interactions, effective communication, and mutual trust between healthcare providers and recipients influence clinical outcomes and patient compliance. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, the study was conducted on a purposive sample of physicians and patients within the hospital. Data were collected through structured interviews and questionnaires designed to measure the quality of social engagement and its impact on the healing journey. The findings reveal a significant correlation between the quality of the interpersonal relationship and the efficiency of the treatment path. Key results indicate that positive social rapport reduces patient anxiety, enhances diagnostic accuracy through better information sharing, and encourages adherence to medical instructions. Conversely, communication barriers and social distance were found to hinder recovery and diminish satisfaction levels. The study concludes that the therapeutic process is not merely a technical medical encounter but a complex social interaction that requires strengthening the humanistic aspects of healthcare. Recommendations include integrating communication skills training for medical staff and fostering a patient-centered environment to improve the overall quality of health services in the local context.
Sports arbitration and its impact on the professional sports contract (a study in Libyan law)
The study aims to analyze the legal framework governing the sports professional contract under Libyan legislation, as it is one of the contracts of increasing importance that has contributed to establishing a fundamental role in supporting the economy and enhancing its efficiency, similar to the economic gains achieved by many countries through regulating this type of contract. Sports arbitration is considered an amicable mechanism for resolving disputes of a special nature within the sports field. It has emerged as one of the important sources for attracting foreign investment in this sector. The study concludes that sports arbitration is characterized by clear specificity and independence. The Libyan legislator has stipulated the necessity of ensuring the independence of the sports arbitration body, while also emphasizing the importance of establishing a specialized administration responsible for organizing its work and managing its affairs. The researcher proposes that the Libyan Olympic Committee should submit an official request to the Council of Ministers to establish a board of directors for a national body specialized in resolving sports disputes internally. This would ensure the existence of an independent institutional framework capable of addressing such disputes efficiently and effectively. Furthermore, the regulations governing sports professionalism should explicitly provide professional athletes with the right to appeal decisions issued by national bodies before the International Sports Arbitration Tribunal. This would ensure that the sports legal system is consistent with international standards and provides broader protection for the rights of professional athletes.
The Scope of Constitutional Courts' Jurisdiction in the Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments in Light of Specified Amendment Restrictions
The constitutional regulation of this jurisdiction contributes to granting full legal legitimacy to such review, thereby mitigating any potential doctrinal or political controversy. Within this context, the theory of "unconstitutional constitutional amendments" has gained wide acceptance in contemporary constitutional jurisprudence and judiciary, where it has been invoked by numerous courts to play a decisive role in assessing the compatibility of amendments with the constitutional core. The concept of "implicit limits" is no longer a marginal doctrinal debate; rather, it has evolved into a global phenomenon and a judicial reference employed by courts to ensure that the derivative constituent power does not exceed its delegated mandate. Constitutional amendment aims for evolution, not nullification or abolition, as compromising the essence and fundamental principles of the constitution transcends the concept of "amendment" to become a total deconstruction and replacement of the constitutional document. Although such review grants the constitutional judiciary broad powers, it remains an imperative necessity for safeguarding the will of the original constituent power and protecting fundamental principles. This trend reflects the evolution of comparative constitutional law, ultimately striving to prevent the abuse of the power to amend and ensuring the protection of democracy and human rights against any encroachment by the established powers.
Theory of Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments