Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies
The Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies (CJHES) ISSN: (3105-9481) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Academic University in Libya. With a commitment to advancing knowledge, CJHES publishes four issues annually, covering a wide range of topics within the humanities and educational sciences. Our Vision To be a leading platform for high-quality research that contributes to the understanding and development of the humanities and educational fields. Our Mission To provide a rigorous and accessible venue for scholars to publish original research, fostering intellectual exchange and collaboration. Our Objectives To publish cutting-edge research across all sub-disciplines of the humanities and educational sciences. To promote open-access scholarly publishing. To uphold the highest standards of academic integrity and peer review. For more information, you can visit the journal's website at or contact the editor at editor@cjhes.com.ly. You can also reach them via WhatsApp at +218925574772.
The Impact of Electronic Project Management Applications on Project Delivery Time: A Field Study on Construction Projects in Az-Zawiya Municipality
This research aimed to analyze the impact of electronic project management applications on the delivery time of construction projects. The research employed a quantitative approach, utilizing a field study of 30 construction projects in the municipality of Az-Zawiya. It focused on three main categories of electronic applications: scheduling and time monitoring applications, integrated management applications, and analysis and reporting applications. The results showed a strong positive correlation between the use of scheduling applications (such as Primavera) and the on-time project delivery rate (correlation coefficient = 0.72), with these applications explaining approximately 52% of the variance in timeliness. The results also indicated that integrated management applications (such as Odoo and Oracle ERP) explained 46% of the variance in timeliness (correlation coefficient = 0.68), reflecting their direct impact on improving organizational integration and resource efficiency. Analysis and reporting applications (such as Power BI and Tableau) showed a moderate correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.61), explaining 37% of the variance in timeliness, thus highlighting their role in enhancing transparency and monitoring despite their limited adoption. Based on the findings, the research recommended strengthening supportive policies, expanding academic and vocational training programs, and integrating digital management tools to achieve comprehensive digital transformation and ensure timely, efficient, and sustainable project delivery.
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Developing Methodologies through Integrating Insights from Various Fields of Humanities and Social Sciences: A Field Research Study from an Academic Perspective
The study aims to identify the factors that affect the integration and development of curricula; Monitoring the problems facing the human and social sciences, and demonstrating the importance of cognitive integration between the human and social sciences and other specializations, for the sake of human advancement. And get to know Also on innovative strategies that can be applied in integrating and developing curricula. The importance of the study is highlighted by shedding more scientific light, which makes the vision clearer, regarding the work of academic experts on developing methodologies, by integrating ideas from various fields. Humanities and social sciences. The study starts from the questions: What are the factors that affect the integration and development of curricula? What problems do the human and social sciences suffer from? What are the methods of cognitive integration between the humanities, social sciences, and other disciplines, for the sake of Human advancement? What innovative strategies can be applied in integrating and developing curricula? The two researchers relied on the use of the descriptive analytical method, the questionnaire form tool, and a random sample of (280) individual faculty members in the faculties of arts and education in Libyan universities, which were analyzed using the statistical method represented by frequencies, percentages, and arithmetic average. The study reached a number of results, perhaps the most important of which are: 1. It revealed the presence of a group of factors that affect the integration and development of curricula. 2. The study showed that there are many problems that the human and social sciences suffer from. 3. I showed that cognitive integration between the humanities, social sciences, and other specializations is very important for the advancement of humans and society. 4. The study emphasized the proposal of a set of innovative strategies, which it believes should be applied in integrating and developing school curricula. The study ended with a set of recommendations and proposals, perhaps the most important of which is: the necessity of conducting more studies that address the concept of developing and integrating curricula in the humanities, social sciences, and various other sciences to obtain broader and deeper results.
Jameelah Abdulhadi Alsunousi Abdulrahman
The Problematic of Implementing International Criminal Court Arrest Warrants Against Heads of State
This research aims to root the legal basis for the accountability of heads of state before international criminal justice, while deconstructing the procedural and practical challenges that hinder the enforcement of arrest warrants issued by the International Criminal Court (ICC). The study focuses on the normative conflict between the principle of "irrelevance of official capacity" under Article 27 of the Rome Statute and the established rules of sovereign immunity in customary international law, as well as the resulting contradiction in the obligations of States Parties. Utilizing a comparative analytical approach, the research examines the impact of UN Security Council referrals and the role of the principle of complementarity in shielding leaders from prosecution. The study concludes that the effectiveness of international justice remains contingent upon the political will of states due to the ICC's lack of enforcement power. Consequently, it is imperative to develop procedural mechanisms that ensure the primacy of international criminal prosecution over traditional immunities to end the era of impunity.
The Foreign Trade Relations of the Regency of Tripoli with the Italian City-States during the Karamanli Era (1711–1835 AD)
This study examines the foreign trade relations between the Regency of Tripoli and the Italian city-states during the Karamanli era (1711–1835). The research highlights the strategic importance of Tripoli’s geographical location as a commercial hub connecting sub-Saharan Africa with European markets. It analyzes the diplomatic and legal frameworks, such as trade agreements and concessions, that governed interactions with states like Venice, Livorno, Genoa, Sardinia, and Naples. The findings indicate that salt was a primary export, especially to Venice, alongside livestock, ostrich feathers, and agricultural products. In return, Tripoli imported industrial goods, textiles, and minerals. The study concludes that while the Karamanli rulers maintained tight control over trade through taxation and regulations, these relations fostered continuous economic and cultural exchange despite periods of political tension and naval conflict.
The Impact of Trans-Saharan Trade Caravan Routes on the Economic System of Morocco and Al-Andalus During the Middle Ages: A Descriptive and Analytical Study
This research investigates the historical significance of trans-Saharan caravan trade routes and their profound impact on the economic landscapes of Morocco and Al-Andalus during the Middle Ages. The study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the economic, social, cultural, and political dimensions of these caravans, which served as a vital artery connecting West Africa with North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. By employing a descriptive and analytical methodology, the research explores the primary tracks—Western, Central, and Eastern—and identifies the geographical factors, such as terrain and climate, that dictated their formation. The investigation highlights the diversity of traded goods, including gold, salt, ivory, and luxury items, emphasizing how these commodities fueled local industries, supported domestic markets, and strengthened regional wealth. Furthermore, the paper examines the sophisticated social and economic organization of the caravans, led by experienced commanders and protected by armed guards, which ensured security and operational efficiency. The findings demonstrate that the caravan network was not merely an economic mechanism but a powerful tool for cultural exchange, the spread of Islam, and political integration between the Maghreb, Al-Andalus, and the Sudanese regions. The study concludes that the continuous evolution of these routes in response to political and economic shifts maintained the sustainability of regional trade and shaped the historical identity of the connected societies.
Civil Society Organizations and Their Role in Volunteer Work: The Libyan Red Crescent Society, Tobruk Branch as a Model
This study aimed to identify the role of the Libyan Red Crescent Society (Tobruk Branch) in voluntary work, investigate the challenges it faces, and suggest measures to overcome these obstacles. To achieve these objectives, the researchers employed a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The study was conducted on a purposive sample of (100) members of the society in Tobruk. Statistical analysis was performed using frequencies and percentages to interpret the data. The results indicated that the society plays a significant role in providing humanitarian and relief services, particularly during crises and disasters, and contributes effectively to spreading the culture of volunteering among the local community. However, several challenges were identified, including limited financial resources, a lack of specialized training programs for volunteers, and administrative difficulties. Based on these findings, the study proposed several recommendations, most notably: securing sustainable financial funding through partnerships with the private sector, developing advanced training modules to enhance volunteers' technical skills, and improving the administrative structure to ensure better coordination during field operations. The study concludes that while the society's contributions are substantial, institutional support and strategic planning are essential to maximizing its impact in the field of voluntary work.
The Slave Trade in Africa: Historical Dimensions, Geographical Discoveries, and International Abolition Efforts
This study investigates the historical phenomenon of the slave trade in Africa, analyzing its multifaceted dimensions from antiquity to the modern period. It explores the significant impact of geographical discoveries in reorienting trade routes toward the Atlantic, which catalyzed the systematic forced migration of African populations to the Americas under European colonial powers. The research further examines the underlying economic and political catalysts of this trade, alongside the evolution of international legal instruments and treaties aimed at the abolition of slavery. Utilizing a historical and descriptive-analytical approach, the paper seeks to rectify historical narratives surrounding Arab and European participation while addressing the profound socio-economic consequences for the African continent.
The Role of Political Discourse in Shaping Public Opinion: An Analytical Study of Persuasive Strategies and Influence Mechanisms
This study seeks to analyze the role of political discourse in shaping public opinion and explore the methods and strategies employed by political actors to influence individuals' beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. The findings reveal that political discourse possesses high persuasive power, stemming from a combination of rhetorical elements, verbal evidence, metaphors, connotations, and puns, while considering the pragmatic context and the nature of the recipient. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the effectiveness of the discourse is influenced by the sender's ability to establish personal communication, perceive the components of persuasion, and capitalize on audience reactions. The reciprocal relationship between discourse and public opinion shows that the latter is not a static entity but rather a dynamic product of the interaction between political messages and the audience's expectations and ideologies, making it susceptible to shaping and direction, while simultaneously capable of influencing the discourse’s own trajectories. The study emphasizes that political discourse which neglects practical aspects and relies solely on rhetorical embellishments loses its efficacy. Based on these results, the study recommends developing the capabilities of political discourse producers, enhancing the public's critical awareness, and employing integrated linguistic and communicative strategies to achieve a balance between rhetorical appeal and practical content, ensuring a positive impact of public opinion on democratic processes and decision-making.
Inclusion Management and its Impact on Quality of Work Life: A Field Study at Sabratha Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Center
This study aimed to examine the impact of inclusive management, with its three dimensions (participation in decision-making, organizational justice, and communication and transparency), on the quality of work life among employees at the Heart Surgery and Treatment Center in Sabratha. The study’s significance lies in the pivotal role of inclusive management in creating a supportive work environment that enhances employee satisfaction and organizational commitment, particularly in specialized healthcare institutions that require high levels of accuracy, efficiency, and sustainable performance. The study adopted both descriptive and analytical approaches. The descriptive approach addressed the theoretical framework and relevant literature, while the analytical approach focused on the field data collected from a population of 612 employees. Due to the large size of the population, a simple random sampling method was employed, with 236 questionnaires distributed and 201 valid responses retrieved for analysis, representing 85.2% of the predetermined sample size according to Krejcie & Morgan. The questionnaire was specifically designed to measure the effect of inclusive management on the quality of work life and was analyzed statistically using SPSS. The findings indicated that the level of inclusive management practices was below average, with notable weaknesses in participation in decision-making, implementation of organizational justice, and effectiveness of communication channels, while information flow recorded relatively higher mean scores. The results also revealed a low level of quality of work life, reflected in limited recognition, insufficient managerial support, and difficulties in achieving work-life balance. Regression analysis confirmed a positive and statistically significant effect of inclusive management on quality of work life (R=0.789, Sig=0.000). The study recommends adopting clear policies to enhance inclusive management practices, thereby improving the work environment and boosting overall performance of the center.
The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Trends Toward Conspicuous Consumption Among Female University Students
The study aimed to reveal the relationship between social media use among university students and their attitudes toward conspicuous consumption. To achieve the study objectives, the descriptive analytical method was employed, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection. The sample consisted of 190 female students from Sirte University, selected through a simple random sampling method. The results indicated that the level of social media usage among the students was higher than the average, with daily use being common, particularly for educational purposes. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that social media does not exert a significant impact on the students' outward behavior, as their engagement with these platforms tends to be conscious and practical rather than being driven by appearances or imitation. Despite this practical orientation, the statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship at the significance level (0.00) between social media usage and girls' attitudes toward conspicuous consumption. Additionally, the study found statistically significant differences in these attitudes attributable to variables such as the specific college and social status. The study concludes by recommending the enhancement of digital awareness among students regarding promotional and appearance-based content, while encouraging the utilization of social platforms to support academic learning.
The Role of Emotion Regulation in the Relationship Between Digital Addiction and Identity Formation Among Adolescents
This study aims to analyze the relationship between digital addiction and emotional development during adolescence, highlighting the psychological and social implications of excessive digital use. Digital addiction is defined as a compulsive reliance on the digital environment, leading to emotional imbalances, impaired emotion regulation, affected self-esteem, and difficulties in forming a balanced psychological identity. The research examines various factors influencing digital addiction, including personal traits like anxiety and the need for social acceptance, as well as environmental factors such as parental supervision and digital accessibility. Theoretical findings indicate that digital addiction results in multifaceted impacts on emotional growth, including heightened levels of stress and anxiety, diminished empathy and emotional understanding of others, reduced social problem-solving skills, and a decline in the quality of real-world interpersonal relationships. The study concludes with a set of recommendations aimed at promoting digital literacy and emotional resilience among adolescents to mitigate the negative effects of the digital age on their psychological well-being.
Classroom Interaction in English Language Learning: Perspectives of Libyan Secondary School Students and Teachers
This study investigates the dynamics of classroom interaction in Libyan secondary school English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts. It specifically examines students' perceptions, the obstacles hindering their participation, and the strategies employed by teachers to foster engagement. Adopting a mixed-methods research design, data were collected through an online questionnaire administered to 100 students and semi-structured interviews with three experienced female teachers. The quantitative findings revealed that students highly favor interactive techniques, particularly pair and group work (44.9%) and discussion activities (35.7%), which provide a non-threatening environment for language practice. However, significant barriers to effective interaction were identified, including a lack of student motivation, shyness (39.1%), fear of mispronunciation (32.6%), and low self-confidence (27.1%). Contextual factors such as large class sizes and mixed-ability groups also pose substantial challenges. Qualitative insights from teacher interviews emphasized the importance of creating a supportive classroom atmosphere. Teachers reported using various pedagogical interventions, such as modeled talk, selective use of Arabic translation to clarify complex concepts, and implementing "wait-time" to allow students to process information. The study concludes that while communicative approaches are officially adopted in Libya, traditional teacher-centered methods still persist due to psychological and environmental constraints. To enhance communicative competence, it is recommended that teachers provide more opportunities for student autonomy, utilize collaborative learning structures, and receive training in addressing individual learner differences and pronunciation.
The Impact of Using Digital Storytelling on Enhancing English Vocabulary Acquisition: A Case Study at Al-Nahda School in Maslata, Libya
Digital storytelling is an innovative pedagogical approach that enhances vocabulary acquisition among young learners. This study examined the impact of using digital storytelling on enhancing English Vocabulary Acquisition mastery through quantitative methods, which are particularly suitable for learners acquiring a second or third language. The research was conducted at Al Nahda School in Maslata, Libya, involving a sample of 30 sixth-grade students. The participants, selected from a middle achievement group with similar learning abilities, were divided into an experimental group and a control group. While both groups initially received traditional instruction, the experimental group subsequently engaged with digital storytelling as an intervention, while the control group continued with traditional methods. Data were collected via pre- and post-tests and analyzed using SPSS version 25. The findings reveal that students who learned through digital storytelling achieved significantly higher vocabulary acquisition and demonstrated superior retention compared to the control group. The mean score of the experimental group rose from 52% in the pre-test to 71% in the post-test. Furthermore, the intervention fostered an interactive learning environment that reduced speaking anxiety and increased student motivation, engagement, and creativity. Students also showed measurable improvements in contextual vocabulary usage, grammatical accuracy, and pronunciation. The results conclude that digital storytelling is an effective and enjoyable approach for enhancing vocabulary and speaking skills in EFL classrooms within the Libyan context.
The Relationship Between Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem Among Adolescents in Some Schools of Tripoli
This research investigates the relationship between cyberbullying and self-esteem among adolescents in secondary schools in Tripoli, Libya. Following the digital surge in Libyan society, cyberbullying has emerged as a destructive tool affecting the psychological well-being of youth. Using a descriptive-correlational methodology, the study surveyed a stratified random sample of 400 students (200 males, 200 females) from three major schools. Data collection utilized the Cyberbullying Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Statistical analysis via SPSS v.26 revealed a high prevalence of cyberbullying (78.4%) and low general self-esteem (43%). A strong statistically significant inverse correlation (r = -0.78) was found, indicating that increased exposure to digital harassment drastically reduces self-worth. "Digital exclusion" was identified as the most frequent pattern of bullying. Results also showed significant gender differences; females reported higher exposure to bullying and lower self-esteem compared to males, attributed to social stigma and cultural sensitivities. The study concludes that cyberbullying acts as a "psychological demolition tool," necessitating urgent school-based interventions. It recommends integrating digital citizenship into curricula and enhancing psychological resilience programs to protect the "digital self" of adolescents in the Libyan educational environment.
The Role of Cognitive Processes in Modifying Human Behavior: A Theoretical Study and Practical Applications
This research paper investigates the pivotal role of cognitive processes in modifying human behavior, grounded in the premise that behavior is not merely a reflexive response to environmental stimuli but a product of complex internal mental operations. The study aims to analyze how cognitive mechanisms such as cognitive restructuring, self-talk, problem-solving, and self-efficacy contribute to replacing maladaptive behaviors with positive, adaptive ones. By adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the research explores the theoretical foundations of the cognitive-behavioral perspective, highlighting the contributions of key figures like Aaron Beck and Albert Bandura. The findings demonstrate that cognitive processes serve as the primary mediating variables in behavioral change, where restructuring cognitive schemas leads to fundamental shifts in emotional and behavioral responses. Furthermore, the study illustrates the practical applications of these processes across various domains, including clinical therapy, education, and professional environments. The results emphasize that developing metacognitive awareness and enhancing self-efficacy are essential for ensuring the sustainability and permanence of behavioral modification. The paper concludes that investing in the mental infrastructure by correcting irrational beliefs and promoting logical thinking provides the most effective framework for improving individual quality of life and achieving social and psychological adaptation in a rapidly changing world.
The Status and Rights of Women Across Human Civilizations and Divine Laws: A Comparative Historical-Analytical Study
This study aims to trace the historical development and the legal and social status of women across a range of human civilizations and divine laws, in order to understand the context in which their rights were formed. The research reviews the variation in the treatment of women among Near Eastern civilizations, such as Egyptian and Babylonian, and Far Eastern civilizations, such as Indian and Chinese, reaching Western civilizations like Greek and Roman. It is observed that women's status fluctuated between sanctification and leadership, and between inferiority and marginalization as a heritable commodity. The study employs the historical method to monitor chronological development, the descriptive-analytical method to examine legal and religious texts, and the comparative method to highlight the fundamental differences between man-made systems and divine laws. The second part of the research focuses on the role of Judaism, Christianity, and especially Islamic law, in initiating a rights revolution that restored women’s full legal capacity, prohibited infanticide, and established their rights to ownership, inheritance, education, and political participation. The study concludes that the true justice for women was not a product of historical coincidence but the result of sublime divine legislation that guaranteed their human dignity and regulated their relationship with men on the basis of integration rather than conflict.
The Role of Strategic Leadership in Enhancing Total Quality Culture: The Mediating Role of Knowledge Management and Entrepreneurial Orientation
This study examines the impact of strategic leadership on enhancing a comprehensive quality culture within the Jordanian telecommunications sector, while exploring the mediating roles of knowledge management and entrepreneurial orientation. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, data were collected from 412 middle and top-level managers through a 52-item questionnaire. Analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via SmartPLS4. The results revealed a significant direct effect of strategic leadership on quality culture (β=0.29, p<0.001). Furthermore, significant indirect effects were confirmed through the mediation of knowledge management (β=0.19, p<0.001) and entrepreneurial orientation (β=0.14, p<0.01). These findings indicate that the relationship is partially indirect, suggesting that leaders foster quality culture by establishing robust knowledge systems and encouraging innovative, proactive behaviors. The study contributes to bridging the knowledge gap regarding leadership mechanisms and offers an explanatory model for organizations to design leadership development programs aimed at cultural transformation.
The Legal Standards, Rules, and Requirements for the Examination and Verification of Documents in Documentary Credits (An Analytical Study) In Light of the Libyan Law and the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600, 2007) and the International Standard Banking Practice (ISBP No. 745, 2013)
The system of documentary credits is considered an effective factor in the prosperity of economic activities, particularly at the international level, due to its significant role in instilling confidence between the parties to international commercial contracts, as well as among the broader circles of global trade participants. This importance arises from the fact that the parties involved in commercial transactions are often geographically distant and unfamiliar with each other. Consequently, this financial instrument has created—or restored—the much-needed trust between the exporter and the importer, thanks to the intermediary role played by commercial banks as safe and reliable entities that guarantee the proper execution of international sales contracts and protect the rights of both parties. Accordingly, documentary credits have become a desirable and widely accepted means of payment and credit within the international trade environment. Hence, this study aims to clarify the mechanism of the documentary credit contract by identifying the legal standards, rules, and requirements that commercial banks must adhere to when examining, verifying, and scrutinizing the documents related to the letter of credit. The importance of these documents stems from the fact that banks do not deal directly with the goods or commodities underlying the primary contract between the seller and buyer but rather operate on the basis of the legal documents specified by the applicant in the credit opening agreement. These documents must be presented by the beneficiary to the issuing bank when requesting the disbursement of the credit amount. Thus, the significance of the documentary credit documents and their pivotal role in executing the credit contract between the issuing bank and the beneficiary become evident. The bank bears the duty and obligation to examine and verify these documents in accordance with the legal standards, rules, and conditions established by the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) and the International Standard Banking Practice (ISBP), both of which have also been referenced in commercial laws and regulations in many countries, including the Libyan Commercial Activity Law under its sixth chapter. Given the importance and sensitivity of the obligation to examine and verify documents in line with these standards, rules, and conditions, this study addresses the legal standards, rules, and requirements governing the examination and verification of documentary credit documents. It adopts an analytical methodology and follows a balanced scientific structure that meets the objectives of the study, addresses its main problem, and answers its key questions through three main sections: the first section defines the documents of the credit and the standards for their conformity; the second outlines the mandatory legal rules governing the examination and verification of such documents; and the third discusses the general legal conditions for completing the process of document examination and verification. The study concludes with a summary of its key findings and provides several practical and academic recommendations. The researcher has also expressed personal viewpoints on the various issues and questions raised throughout the study whenever deemed scientifically necessary.
Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits
The Digital Divide and Social Inequality in Distance Education
The rapid transition to distance education, accelerated by global health crises and technological advancements, has brought the "digital divide" to the forefront of sociological discourse. This research explores how existing social inequalities are mirrored and magnified within the digital learning environment. Drawing on sociological theories of capital—specifically Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of cultural and social capital—this paper investigates the multifaceted nature of the digital divide, which extends beyond mere physical access to hardware and high-speed internet. It encompasses "digital literacy" and the "usage gap," where students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds leverage technology for academic enrichment, while disadvantaged students face systemic barriers. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology to synthesize data on how variables such as household income, parental education, and geographic location dictate educational outcomes. Findings suggest that distance education, while offering flexibility, often acts as a mechanism for reproducing social stratification rather than a tool for democratization. Students in marginalized communities suffer from a lack of "technological habitus," leading to lower engagement and higher dropout rates. The paper concludes that bridging the digital divide requires more than infrastructural investment; it necessitates a holistic policy approach that addresses the underlying social determinants of digital exclusion.
Extent of commitment of commercial banks to Apply regulatory procedures on Money laundering:A field study on Libyan commercial banks in the city of Al Kufra
This study investigates the extent of commitment by Libyan commercial banks in the city of Al Kufra to implementing regulatory procedures for anti-money laundering. Given the global rise in financial crimes and their severe economic and social impacts, the research emphasizes the critical role of the banking sector in detecting and preventing such activities. To achieve its objectives, the study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a comprehensive survey of all employees in the targeted bank branches. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to 53 individuals, covering three main dimensions: identification of customers and beneficial owners, adherence to guiding indicators for suspicious transactions, and compliance with international standards such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). The findings revealed a high level of commitment across all dimensions; specifically, banks demonstrated a very high commitment to identifying the true identity of account holders and a high degree of vigilance regarding transactions inconsistent with a customer's known activity. Statistical analysis confirmed the rejection of null hypotheses, indicating significant compliance with both local and international anti-money laundering protocols. Based on these results, the study recommends enhancing legal protections for bank employees who report suspicious activities to ensure a safer reporting environment. It also suggests continuous capacity building through specialized training programs to keep pace with evolving money laundering techniques and the integration of artificial intelligence in financial monitoring.
The Impact of National Identity on Building the Modern State: Libya Post-2011 as a Case Study
This study addresses a topic of paramount importance, as it represents one of the fundamental pillars in building the modern Libyan state, namely the impact of national identity on modern state-building in Libya. The study originated from a primary research question: "To what extent (and how) has national identity influenced the building of the Libyan state following the events of 2011, and what are the means to strengthen national identity in a way that contributes to modern state-building?" The study employed the descriptive-analytical approach as its primary research methodology to answer the main research question and its sub-questions. It aimed to highlight a future vision for constructing a Libyan identity and to counter regionalism, tribalism, provincialism, and various ideologies, as these are factors that undermine Libyan identity. The study was divided into several key themes, most notably the impact of the identity crisis on the process of building the modern Libyan state post-2011. The study reached several significant results, including: the necessity of engaging in a comprehensive national dialogue among all parties and components in Libya to reach a consensus on a unified concept of national identity, which would serve as a foundation for establishing a constitution to facilitate the democratic transition and resolve the current political complexities. Furthermore, a key finding emphasizes that the tribe should be a fundamental supporter of modern state-building rather than a tool for justifying violence, exclusion, or securing privileges for its members. It is essential to apply the law to all segments of society without exception or discrimination based on tribe or sect, ensuring that everyone feels protected under the umbrella of the law rather than the tribe, which will strengthen national identity. Additionally, the failure to consolidate Libyan identity within educational curricula has contributed to its erosion and the emergence of sub-identities, leading to further fragmentation and civil conflict.
The Relationship between Identity and State-Building
The Joinder of the Request to Suspend the Implementation of an Administrative Decision with the Annulment Action (In Light of Libyan Law)
The suspension of the implementation of an administrative decision is considered a significant exception to the general principle of the "presumption of legality," which stipulates those administrative decisions are enforceable once they meet legal requirements. This study focuses on the "joinder requirement," a formal condition mandated by Libyan legislation in Article 7 of Law No. 88 of 1971. This law strictly requires that a request for suspension must be submitted simultaneously with the annulment action within the same petition. The research explores the rationale behind this procedural necessity, noting that the power to suspend execution is derived from the power of annulment. However, the study highlights a critical debate regarding the "arbitrariness" of this requirement, especially when urgent circumstances justifying a suspension arise only after the initial annulment claim has been filed. Furthermore, the paper examines the judicial evolution regarding "void" or "non-existent" administrative decisions. The Libyan Supreme Court has established that such decisions, characterized by gross illegalities like usurpation of power, are exempt from standard formal constraints. Consequently, the joinder requirement and the sixty-day statute of limitations do not apply to void decisions, allowing for more flexible judicial protection. The study concludes by recommending a legislative amendment to Article 7 to allow for independent suspension requests under specific conditions to better safeguard individual rights against administrative actions.
Monitoring Mathematics Learning Difficulties among Pupils of the First Three Grades from the Perspective of Mathematics Teachers in Gharyan City
This research aimed to identify and analyze the most common mathematics learning difficulties among pupils in the first three grades of primary school in the Gharyan municipality. The study sought to investigate the factors contributing to these difficulties, including student-related, teacher-related, curriculum-related, family-related, and environment-related obstacles. To achieve these objectives, the researchers employed a descriptive-analytical methodology. The study was conducted on a sample of 94 teachers from schools within the Gharyan educational offices. A specialized questionnaire consisting of 52 items distributed across five key domains was developed and validated. Statistical analysis using SPSS revealed that the overall level of mathematics learning difficulties was moderate, with a mean of 2.43 and a standard deviation of 0.32. The findings indicated that student-related obstacles ranked first, primarily driven by a lack of intrinsic motivation, fear of mathematics, and weak reading and writing skills. Family-related obstacles followed, attributed to the belief that success is the sole goal of education and a lack of understanding regarding the educational challenges faced by the child. Environmental obstacles, such as overcrowded classrooms and lack of facilities, and curriculum obstacles, including difficult verbal problems and content density, also significantly impacted learning. Interestingly, teacher-related obstacles ranked last with a low-to-moderate degree (Mean: 2.33), despite issues like non-participation in curriculum development and limited use of modern teaching methods. The study recommended increasing teacher interest in motivating students, developing literacy skills, and organizing workshops to educate parents on supporting their children's mathematical achievement.
Sports competition and its relationship to consolidating national identity values among physical education and sports science students at the University of Tripoli
The current study aimed to reveal the relationship between the dimensions of sports competition (desire to win, perseverance, and goal orientation) and national identity values (affective, cognitive, behavioral, and social) among students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tripoli. The researcher adopted a descriptive correlational approach, utilizing two questionnaires prepared for this purpose: a 15-item sports competition scale and a 16-item national identity scale. The tools were applied to a sample of 49 male and female students selected through a comprehensive survey method. Statistical analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (0.86) between sports competition and national identity values. Results indicated that perseverance and goal orientation dimensions were more closely associated with national identity than the desire to win. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found between genders; male students scored higher in sports competition dimensions (desire to win and goal orientation), while female students showed significantly higher levels in the affective dimension of national identity and perseverance. The study concludes that sports competition serves as a vital tool for fostering loyalty and social cohesion. The researcher recommends developing specialized guidance programs to integrate national values within athletic training curricula to strengthen university students' sense of belonging.
The Dialectics of Literature and Society in Shaban Abdel Hakim's Novelistic Achievement: A Descriptive Analytical Study
This research paper investigates the profound relationship between literature and society through an analytical lens applied to the novelistic works of the critic and novelist Shaban Abdel Hakim. The study aims to demonstrate how literature serves as a mirror reflecting social, economic, and political realities while functioning as a tool for ethical reform and aesthetic pleasure. By adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the researcher explores the dialectical bond between the creative text and its surrounding environment, emphasizing that a writer is an influential social actor rather than a mere spectator. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the author’s background, noting his academic contributions in literary criticism and his diverse creative output across novels, short stories, and poetry. The core of the study analyzes several key novels, including "They Killed Dr. Ahmed," "وقتلوا الدكتور أحمد"، "A Rejected Invitation," "دعوة مرفوضة","Crossing to the Other Shore," "العبور إلى الشاطئ الآخر "News of the Pasha's Village," "أخبار قرية الباشا and "Killing Zahra""قتل زهرة". These works are examined for their depiction of societal ailments such as nepotism, injustice, corruption, and the erosion of moral values. For instance, the research highlights how Abdel Hakim utilizes techniques like the "dream" and "collage" to contrast harsh realities with human aspirations, while condemning the marginalization of intellectuals and the systemic oppression faced by various social segments. The findings suggest that Abdel Hakim’s narratives maintain a balance between ideological commitment and artistic integrity, ensuring that the social message does not overshadow the aesthetic quality of the prose. Ultimately, the study concludes that authentic literature is an inseparable part of the social fabric, acting as an alarm for societal dangers and a catalyst for potential reform.
Science of Quranic Orthography: Its Origins and a Refutation of Orientalist Misconceptions
The science of Quranic drawing is one of the most significant fields associated with the Holy Book of Allah, representing a monumental historical document authenticated by twelve thousand companions. This research aims to clarify the concept of Quranic drawing and its origins, while highlighting the precision of the methodology used in writing the Mushafs. It specifically addresses the relationship between Arabic script and Uthmanic drawing, tracing the history of Quranic compilation from the era of Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq to the reign of Uthman bin Affan. Furthermore, the study adopts an inductive and analytical approach to refute the misconceptions and claims raised by certain orientalists regarding the integrity and history of the Quranic text. The findings emphasize the continuity and divine preservation of the Quranic script as a foundational basis for Arabic orthography.
The reality of academic advising and its obstacles at the Faculty of Education, University of Benghazi, from the students' perspective in light of some variables
The primary objective of this study is to explore the reality of academic advising and identify the obstacles facing its implementation at the Faculty of Education, University of Benghazi, from the students' perspective. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected from a sample of (418) male and female students from various scientific and literary departments and across different academic levels during the Fall semester of 2025. The researcher utilized a developed questionnaire as a research tool, encompassing axes related to attitudes toward advising, communication with advisors, and obstacles associated with the advisor, the student, schedules, and technical and administrative aspects. The results revealed that students' general attitude toward academic advising was at a medium level, reflecting a state of hesitation or a lack of full conviction regarding the importance of advising in supporting the academic path. Regarding communication, it recorded a medium-to-high level, indicating strengths in terms of trust in the advisor and the time allocated to students. As for the obstacles, they were generally at a medium level; "student-related obstacles" (such as lack of awareness of rules and regulations) topped the list, followed by "academic advisor-related obstacles" (such as heavy workloads), and then technical and administrative issues. Conversely, obstacles related to study plans and schedules were the least influential. Furthermore, the results indicated no statistically significant differences in students' perceptions of the reality and obstacles of advising attributable to gender (male/female) or specialization (scientific/literary). Based on these findings, the study recommended increasing students' awareness of the importance of advising, improving advisors' competencies, and enhancing technical aspects to facilitate communication and the overall advising process.
Reflections of Sustainable Development on the Social Structure of Libyan Society
This study investigates the implications of sustainable development on the social structure of Libyan society, emphasizing the integration of economic, environmental, and social dimensions to ensure long-term stability. The research problem stems from the observed decline in economic growth and environmental protection, which has negatively impacted the social fabric through pollution, resource depletion, and deteriorating living conditions. The study aims to identify the components of the Libyan social structure, clarify sustainable development indicators, and determine the initial manifestations of sustainability within the social framework. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the researcher analyzes the phenomenon by collecting and classifying information to reach scientific conclusions. The theoretical framework relies on Structural Functionalism, particularly Talcott Parsons' theory, to interpret how social systems maintain balance and adapt to their environments through specialized institutions like the family, education, and economy. Findings reveal that the Libyan social structure is a complex network of institutions, values, and roles that govern human interaction. Sustainable development serves as a vital tool for restructuring society by promoting social justice, equality, and the rational use of natural resources without compromising future generations' rights. Key indicators include improvements in health services, education quality, housing, and the reduction of poverty and unemployment. The study concludes that achieving sustainability in Libya requires a shift toward renewable energy, green industries, and community participation in decision-making processes. It recommends supporting research centers, enhancing security efforts to combat crime, and improving citizens' living standards to drive the sustainable development process forward.
The Relationship Between Electronic Gaming Addiction, Sleep Disorders, and Social Anxiety Among High School Students
This study aimed to explore the complex network of relationships between electronic gaming addiction, sleep disorders, and social anxiety among high school students in Bani Walid, seeking to address a research gap in the Arabic literature that has often examined these variables in isolation rather than collectively. Based on the global recognition of gaming disorder as a clinical condition by the World Health Organization and an awareness of adolescence as a sensitive developmental stage, the research sought to answer a central question regarding the nature of this triadic relationship and the potential for gaming addiction to predict sleep problems and social anxiety. The study employed a descriptive correlational methodology to determine the extent and strength of the relationships between the variables. A stratified random sample of 350 male and female students (185 males, 165 females) was drawn from public high schools. The study used three reliable and valid scales: a scale for electronic gaming addiction developed based on WHO criteria (Cronbach's α = 0.88), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to measure sleep disorders (reliability = 0.84), and the Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents (SASC-R) (reliability = 0.91). Data were collected in the field and analyzed using SPSS statistical software, applying methods such as Pearson's correlation coefficient, simple linear regression analysis, and the t-test. The results revealed high and concerning prevalence rates: 23% of students fell into the "gaming addict" category, 41% suffered from a clinical sleep problem (PSQI score >5), while 35% showed high levels of social anxiety. Regarding relationships, statistical analyses revealed the existence of strong, positive, and statistically significant correlations: the correlation coefficient between gaming addiction and sleep disorders was 0.58, and between gaming addiction and social anxiety was 0.54. A moderate positive correlation (0.49) was also found between sleep disorders and social anxiety themselves. Most importantly, regression analysis showed that the degree of gaming addiction could predict approximately 34% of the variance in sleep disorder scores (β = .581, p < .001) and 29% of the variance in social anxiety scores (β = .544, p < .001). The results also showed significant gender differences in addiction levels in favor of males, while there were no differences in the level of sleep disorders or social anxiety between genders. The study concludes that electronic gaming addiction is not a normal behavior but a central psycho-social risk factor strongly associated with physiological (sleep) and psychological (social anxiety) disturbances among high school students. The high predictive power of addiction suggests it can be considered an early warning sign for accompanying problems. The study concludes with a set of integrated recommendations for educational policymakers to integrate digital citizenship into curricula, for schools to implement preventive and counseling programs, for families to foster dialogue and establish healthy usage rules, and for researchers to conduct longitudinal studies and develop evidence-based therapeutic interventions within the Arab context.
Administrative Compulsory Execution as a Means of Protecting Public Funds
This research investigates the legal framework and practical implications of "Administrative Compulsory Execution" as a specialized mechanism employed by public authorities to protect public funds within the Libyan legislative context. Public funds represent the essential pillar of state activity, requiring robust legal protection to ensure the continuity of public services and national development. The study highlights that administrative compulsory execution is an exceptional power granted to the administration, allowing it to recover its dues and assets directly from individuals or private entities without the prior necessity of obtaining a judicial ruling. This authority is derived from the principles of administrative privilege and the overarching necessity of the public interest, which presumes the legality of administrative decisions. The research meticulously examines the strict legal conditions governing this power in Libya, emphasizing that it must be based on explicit statutory provisions, such as those found in the Labor Relations Law, the Local Administration Law, and the Urban Planning Law. Furthermore, the study explores the critical balance between administrative efficiency and the protection of individual rights. It analyzes the role of the judiciary in overseeing these procedures through the lenses of legality, proportionality, and the right to compensation or stay of execution. The research concludes that while compulsory execution is a vital tool for combating financial corruption and ensuring fiscal stability, it must remain subject to rigorous judicial and administrative oversight to prevent any potential abuse of power. The study recommends unifying relevant legislation and modernizing recovery systems to enhance transparency and speed.