Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies
The Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies (CJHES) ISSN: (3105-9481) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Academic University in Libya. With a commitment to advancing knowledge, CJHES publishes four issues annually, covering a wide range of topics within the humanities and educational sciences. Our Vision To be a leading platform for high-quality research that contributes to the understanding and development of the humanities and educational fields. Our Mission To provide a rigorous and accessible venue for scholars to publish original research, fostering intellectual exchange and collaboration. Our Objectives To publish cutting-edge research across all sub-disciplines of the humanities and educational sciences. To promote open-access scholarly publishing. To uphold the highest standards of academic integrity and peer review. For more information, you can visit the journal's website at or contact the editor at editor@cjhes.com.ly. You can also reach them via WhatsApp at +218925574772.
Digital governance and its role in improving service quality and enhancing institutional performance
Digital governance represents a modern strategic framework aimed at streamlining institutional procedures and ensuring they remain consistent with rapid global technological advancements. This study explores the pivotal role of digital governance in enhancing the quality of services and improving overall institutional performance. By adopting a descriptive-analytical methodology, the research investigates the theoretical foundations of digital governance and its direct relationship with digital transformation. The study identifies digital transformation as a comprehensive shift towards electronic operations and automated procedures, which fundamentally changes how individuals perceive and perform their work through the integration of information and communication technology. The research highlights numerous benefits of this transition, including increased operational efficiency, reduced human error, streamlined administrative procedures, and enhanced stakeholder satisfaction. However, the study also acknowledges significant challenges that impede successful implementation, such as information security risks, resistance to change among employees, lack of specialized digital talents, and insufficient budgetary allocations. To overcome these obstacles, the research emphasizes essential requirements, including continuous leadership support, flexible organizational structures, and the promotion of a digital culture. The findings conclude that effective digital governance acts as a catalyst for successful digital transformation, enabling institutions to achieve higher investment returns and competitive advantages. Ultimately, the study recommends that both public and private institutions must adopt modern governance frameworks and update their legal systems to keep pace with digital shifts, ensuring a sustainable transition toward an integrated knowledge society.
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The Social and Cultural Implications of Domestic Labor on the Family in Libyan Society: The City of Sabha as a Case Study
This research paper examines the social and cultural implications of domestic labor on the family within Libyan society, focusing on the city of Sabha as a specific case study. The study aims to analyze this phenomenon through a sociological lens, exploring the primary factors contributing to its spread and its direct impact on family structure and traditional roles. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on a library-based study that interprets the phenomenon in light of social role theory and relevant sociological literature. The findings indicate that domestic labor is a prominent manifestation of social change in Libya, resulting from shifts in economic patterns and the increased participation of women in the labor market. One of the most significant social implications identified is the redistribution of family roles, where functions traditionally performed by the mother—such as childcare, daily upbringing, and behavioral monitoring—are shifted to domestic workers. This shift often leads to "role strain" and a decline in direct interaction between parents and children. Culturally, the study reveals that the presence of foreign domestic labor affects the linguistic and behavioral identity of children, leading to the acquisition of values that may not align with the prevailing customs of Libyan society. The impact varies depending on the family's level of awareness; families that maintain their educational role mitigate negative effects, while those with total dependence face a crisis in social upbringing. The paper concludes with several recommendations, most notably the need to enhance the educational awareness of Libyan families and to regulate the relationship with domestic labor to ensure the preservation of local social values.
Digital Transformation and Change Management in Libyan Libraries: Insights from Business Administration
This research study introduces the PACE model (Predict, Align, Create, Evolve), providing the first comprehensive strategic blueprint designed specifically for digital transformation within Libyan university libraries operating in post-conflict environments. While traditional change management frameworks often assume stable organizational conditions, the PACE model integrates elements from Kotter’s Eight-Step Process, the ADKAR model, and Lewin’s Field Theory to address the unique challenges of environments characterized by hierarchical structures, infrastructure deficits, and resistance to rapid change. Through semi-structured interviews with head librarians, technical teams, and senior university administrators across three major Libyan academic institutions, the study identifies four critical barriers: decimated physical equipment, inconsistent funding cycles, a significant digital skills gap, and psychological resistance rooted in years of instability. The findings demonstrate that digital change in such contexts requires more than just technological acquisition; it necessitates a cultural shift and a phased implementation strategy. The PACE model offers a structured fifteen-month roadmap, including specific weekly tasks, an estimated budget of $22,500, and clear performance indicators. This framework emphasizes that sustainable digital evolution in developing nations depends on forward-looking blueprints, cultural sensitivity, and continuous feedback loops. The study concludes that by applying the PACE model, Libyan academic libraries can transition from traditional repositories to dynamic digital hubs, offering a scalable template for other institutions in the Global South facing similar reconstruction challenges.
Legislative Competence in Criminal Issues
This research explores the concept of legislative jurisdiction in criminal matters as a fundamental pillar of the modern state and the rule of law. It examines the legal framework through which the legislative authority criminalizes acts and determines penalties to achieve criminal justice. The study addresses the challenge of balancing national legislative sovereignty with international obligations, especially in light of emerging cross-border crimes such as cybercrime and organized crime. By analyzing the governing principles—including the principle of legality, national sovereignty, and human rights—the research concludes that modern legislation must be flexible and integrated with international standards to ensure security and justice while protecting individual freedoms.
The Impact of Knowledge Management on Strategic Decision-Making: A Field Study in the General Administration of Jumhouria Bank – Tripoli
This study investigates the impact of knowledge management on strategic decision-making within the General Administration of the Republic Bank in Tripoli, Libya. The research addresses a critical gap where banking institutions struggle to effectively utilize organizational knowledge to support long-term strategic choices despite shifting toward modern management styles. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology to examine the relationship between the four primary dimensions of knowledge management acquisition, storage, distribution, and application and the effectiveness of strategic decisions. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of 155 employees representing various administrative levels, including department managers and heads of sections. Statistical analysis, conducted through SPSS using Cronbach's Alpha for reliability and weighted averages for trend identification, revealed that all dimensions of knowledge management received positive assessments ranging from "good" to "excellent". Specifically, knowledge storage achieved the highest weighted average (4.28), followed by application, distribution, and acquisition. The findings confirmed a significant positive correlation between the implementation of knowledge management processes and the quality of strategic decision-making, thereby supporting the study's main and subsidiary hypotheses. While the reliance on internal expertise was high, the results indicated a moderate level of external stakeholder involvement in the decision-making process. Based on these results, the study recommends enhancing continuous training programs, developing robust electronic database infrastructures with high security standards, and fostering a culture of internal knowledge sharing through collaborative technology. Effective knowledge utilization is concluded to be a fundamental driver for improving institutional performance and reducing uncertainty in the competitive Libyan banking sector.
The Effectiveness of Classroom Sports Activities in Developing Cooperation and Teamwork Skills among First Grade Students
This research investigates the effectiveness of classroom sports activities in fostering cooperation and teamwork skills among first-grade students in Bani Walid. The study’s significance stems from the urgent need to develop modern educational strategies that create a more harmonious classroom environment and prepare students for effective participation from an early age. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, the research involved a sample of 80 students, divided into an experimental group that engaged in interactive sports activities and a control group taught via traditional methods. Measurement tools included standardized tests for cooperation, social interaction scales, and structured classroom observations to monitor individual and collective behaviors. The results revealed that the experimental group achieved a statistically significant increase in cooperation levels, with the mean score rising from 12.4 to 21.8 after the intervention. Furthermore, social interaction improved significantly, increasing from a mean of 10.6 to 19.2. Conversely, individualistic behaviors markedly decreased in the experimental group, dropping from a mean of 15.3 to 8.7. These findings align with previous literature emphasizing that interactive activities enhance communication and leadership skills. The study concludes that integrating classroom sports into the curriculum is a potent educational approach for building a balanced personality and preparing a generation capable of facing educational challenges with a team spirit. The research recommends training teachers to design interactive physical activities and encourages schools to allocate weekly sessions for cooperative sports to improve the overall classroom environment
Socialization in the Age of Digital Media A Sociological Study of the Libyan Context
This study aimed to examine the role of the work environment in enhancing administrative creativity among employees of the Zliten Municipal Council. The study focused on analyzing the impact of the work environment dimensions (material and technological, organizational and structural, leadership and supervisory, and psychological and social) on administrative creativity, in addition to identifying the main organizational and administrative challenges that limit creative behavior. The descriptive-analytical method was adopted, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of 98 employees working in the Zliten Municipal Council. The data were analyzed using SPSS software through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression analysis, and one-way ANOVA. The results revealed that the overall level of the work environment was moderate and tended toward positivity, with the material and technological dimension ranking first, followed by the organizational and structural dimension. In contrast, the leadership and psychological dimensions showed relatively lower levels. Administrative creativity also appeared at a moderate level, with fluency and sensitivity to problems ranking higher than originality, flexibility, and creative risk-taking. The findings indicated a positive and statistically significant relationship between the work environment and administrative creativity. Moreover, all dimensions of the work environment had a statistically significant effect on enhancing administrative creativity, with varying degrees of influence. Significant differences in administrative creativity were found according to educational qualification and job title, while no significant differences were attributed to years of experience. The study concluded that improving administrative creativity in municipal councils requires a comprehensive development of the work environment, particularly by strengthening supportive leadership practices, enhancing empowerment, reducing bureaucratic constraints, and addressing organizational barriers. Such efforts would contribute to improving administrative performance and achieving sustainable local development.
The Interplay of Pronunciation, Intelligibility, and Identity: Perceptions of Libyan EFL Secondary School Students
This study examines the complex relationship between pronunciation, intelligibility, and linguistic identity among Libyan English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. While traditional Libyan applied linguistics research has predominantly focused on grammar, vocabulary, and reading, this research addresses a significant gap by exploring how secondary school students perceive the role of phonology in communicative success. The study is centered on 30 purposely sampled secondary school students in Al-Beida, Libya, employing a mixed-methods research paradigm that integrates quantitative data from Likert-scale questionnaires with qualitative insights from open-ended questions. The findings reveal that 80% of participants find English pronunciation difficult, largely due to the phonological discrepancies between Arabic and English, particularly regarding sounds like /p/, /v/, and interdentals /θ/ and /ð/. Data analysis shows that 87% of students believe their Arabic accent affects their pronunciation, and 60% report avoiding speaking English due to fears of being misunderstood or ridiculed by peers. Despite these challenges, there is a strong shift toward the "Intelligibility Principle," with 83% of learners valuing being understood over achieving a native-like accent. Crucially, the study identifies that pronunciation is deeply intertwined with identity development. While 90% of students associate fluent English with being "educated," many experience "identity tension" between maintaining their Libyan heritage and the desire for English proficiency. Participants expressed a significant desire for more systematic instruction, with 90% requesting more pronunciation lessons. The research concludes that enhancing pronunciation pedagogy in Libyan schools is essential for fostering communicative competence, emotional well-being, and a confident linguistic identity among learners.
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This study aims to explore the role of social media platforms, specifically Facebook, in the political socialization process of Libyan university students, using Bani Walid University as a field model. The study is based on the hypothesis that social media platforms have become an influential factor in shaping youth political consciousness, contributing to the formation of their political attitudes and orientations—either positively, by enhancing participation and awareness, or negatively, by fueling division and polarization. Adopting a social survey methodology, the study utilized a questionnaire to collect data from a sample of 125 male and female students who are active Facebook users. The questionnaire focused on measuring the platform's impact on citizenship values, constitutional literacy, and levels of political participation and knowledge. The results indicate that Facebook serves as a primary source of political information for students, contributing to increased interest in public affairs and awareness of rights and duties, while also fostering digital engagement in political discussions and campaigns. Conversely, the findings reveal that the platform may reinforce sub-identities and polarization, alongside the spread of misinformation and the risk of bias in attitude formation; this, in turn, weakens the role of traditional socialization institutions such as the family and school. The study concludes that the impact of social media on the political socialization of university students is characterized by a complex intersection of positive and negative effects. This necessitates digital awareness and educational strategies by universities, families, and media institutions. The study recommends enhancing media and digital literacy, organizing workshops and awareness campaigns, and developing regulatory policies to mitigate hate speech and misinformation. Furthermore, it calls for future research to expand the scope to include other digital platforms and diverse university contexts within Libya.
The Impact of Organizational Justice on Workgroup Cohesion among Medical Laboratory Technicians at Benghazi Medical Center
This study investigates the effect of organizational justice dimensions –distributive, procedural, and interactional justice –on workgroup cohesion among medical laboratory technicians at Benghazi Medical Center. A case study design was employed, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. the study population comprised all medical laboratory technicians at the center, from whom a random sample of (113) participants was selected. A total of (99) valid questionnaires were returned and analyzed using the descriptive-analytical approach with the Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings indicate that the overall level of perceived organizational justice among technicians was moderate, with interactional justice rated higher than procedural and distributive justice, both of which were perceived at low level. Furthermore, the results demonstrate a statistically significant positive effect of interactional justice on workgroup cohesion, whereas procedural justice exhibited no significant effect Distributive justice, however, showed a statistically significant negative effect on workgroup cohesion. Additionally, statistically significant differences were found based on academic qualification and years of experience. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to enhance organizational justice through the development of equitable incentive and reward systems and by improving procedural transparency, thereby fostering higher perceptions of justice within the organization.
Parental abuse and drug addiction: A comparative study between addicts and non-addicts among a sample of males in Benghazi
This study investigated the differences in perceived parental abuse between drug addicts and non-addicts in Benghazi, Libya. The primary objective was to examine how various forms of paternal maltreatment, specifically physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as neglect, contribute to the vulnerability to substance use disorders. Utilizing a comparative descriptive methodology, the researcher selected a purposive sample of 64 male participants, divided equally into two groups: 32 individuals undergoing treatment for drug addiction at specialized rehabilitation centers and 32 non-addicts from the general community. The groups were matched for age, educational level, and professional status to ensure internal validity. Data were collected using the "Perception of Parental Abuse Scale for Adult Children" (Abdel-Rahman, 2012), which assesses four distinct dimensions of paternal abuse. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the two groups, indicating that the addiction group reported significantly higher levels of perceived parental abuse across all dimensions compared to the control group. These findings suggest that traumatic childhood experiences within the family dynamic, particularly paternal abuse, serve as critical environmental risk factors for developing addictive behaviors later in life. The study emphasizes the urgent need for therapeutic interventions that address early childhood trauma and suggests that preventive programs should focus on improving parenting styles and family support systems to mitigate the risk of drug abuse among youth in the Libyan context.
The Role of Administrative Planning and Control in Enhancing Job Performance: Decision-Making Quality as a Mediating Variable (An Applied Study on Gharyan University)
This study aims to investigate the role of administrative planning and control in enhancing job performance at Gharyan University, with decision-making quality serving as a mediating variable. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a structured questionnaire based on the Likert scale for data collection. The study sample consisted of 60 employees from various administrative departments at Gharyan University. Data analysis was conducted using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (Smart-PLS) technique. The findings of the study revealed complex relationships between the variables; while administrative planning demonstrated a significant positive impact on decision-making quality, it surprisingly showed a negative direct effect on performance enhancement within the specific context of the study. Furthermore, the results indicated that administrative control exerts a negative influence on both decision-making quality and performance enhancement. Additionally, decision-making quality was found to have a negative impact on performance improvement. These results suggest that the traditional mechanisms of planning and control at the university might be facing implementation challenges or bureaucratic hurdles that hinder their effectiveness in driving performance. The study concludes with several recommendations, most notably the need to restructure planning and control processes to be more flexible and supportive of high-quality decision-making that aligns with the strategic goals of the university. It also emphasizes the importance of training administrative staff to improve their performance and responsiveness to modern management systems to ensure sustainable institutional development.
The Problem of Consciousness between Philosophical Perspective and Natural Sciences: A Comparative Analytical Study
This research paper explores the multifaceted nature of human consciousness, transitioning from traditional philosophical inquiries to contemporary scientific analyses. The study addresses the fundamental problem of how physical systems, such as the human brain, generate subjective self-awareness and internal experience. Employing a comparative analytical and critical methodology, the research is structured into three primary sections. The first section provides a conceptual and historical overview of consciousness, tracing its definitions across various disciplines including psychology, sociology, and philosophy. It distinguishes between "easy problems"—related to cognitive functions and behavioral control—and the "hard problem" of consciousness, which concerns the origins of qualitative subjective experience. The second section examines the enduring debate between dualism and materialism, contrasting the Cartesian view of a non-material mind with materialistic perspectives that reduce consciousness to neural processes. The final section investigates the intersection of consciousness with modern physics and biology, specifically exploring quantum theories of mind and neurobiological mechanisms. The paper concludes that while a unified definition remains elusive, consciousness is an ontological subjective reality characterized by its internal, qualitative, and individual nature. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that any comprehensive theory of consciousness must account for the gap between neural signaling and the profound sense of self-awareness that defines human existence.
Social Determinants of School Violence in Secondary Education: An Exploratory Study in the City of Gharyan
Violence is a deviant behavior that has become deeply entrenched in the educational system, transcending its status as a mere phenomenon to become a complex and multifaceted problem. This study aims to identify the social factors leading to the rise of violence among secondary school students in Gharyan City Center (Taghsat). The study employed a descriptive methodology to achieve its goals, utilizing a survey as the primary tool for data collection. The research was conducted on a random sample consisting of 72 male and female teachers from three secondary schools: Al-Quds, Shuhada Gharyan, and 24 December. The results revealed several significant factors contributing to violence, most notably the student's association with negative peer groups (68.05%) and constant reprimanding by the school administration (68.05%). Economic factors also played a major role, such as the lack of a stable source of income for the family (66.66%) and lack of suitable housing (65.27%). Additionally, harsh parental treatment (65.27%), the absence of dialogue within the family (55.55%), and a weak relationship between home and school (61.11%) were identified as critical social drivers. The findings also highlighted the impact of religious vacuum (61.11%) and media influence on student behavior. Based on these findings, the study recommends strengthening the relationship between home and school, supporting the role of social workers, and encouraging teachers to avoid methods of severity, sarcasm, and favoritism. It also stresses the importance of providing sports and cultural facilities to absorb students' energy and prevent intellectual vacuum.
The Impact of Voluntary Intoxication on Criminal Responsibility in Libyan Criminal Law
This research investigates the legal implications of voluntary intoxication on criminal responsibility within the framework of Libyan criminal law. The core problem lies in the tension between the fundamental principle of criminal liability—which necessitates the existence of discernment and free will at the moment of the offense—and the necessity of social protection against crimes committed under the influence of alcohol or drugs. According to the Libyan Penal Code, specifically Article 90, voluntary intoxication does not constitute a ground for exemption from criminal responsibility. The study analyzes how the Libyan legislator treats the offender who intentionally deprives himself of his mental faculties, considering that the initial act of consuming the intoxicant was a choice. Furthermore, the paper explores the jurisprudential debate regarding the nature of the intent in crimes committed while intoxicated, questioning whether it should be classified as a specific intent or a constructive intent based on the prior fault. The research concludes that the Libyan approach adopts a policy of social defense, ensuring that individuals cannot evade punishment by claiming a self-induced lack of consciousness. It recommends a more nuanced legislative distinction between crimes of intent and crimes of negligence committed during voluntary intoxication to align more closely with modern principles of criminal justice.
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Recreational Services in Bani Walid City as a Human Geographical PhenomenonTowards an Integrated Strategy for Improving and Developing the Current Reality
Recreational services represent a fundamental element of urban infrastructure and a direct indicator of the quality of life and civilization in any modern city. This study examines the reality of recreational services in Bani Walid City as a human geographical phenomenon, aiming to propose an integrated strategy for their improvement and development. The city suffers from a noticeable deficiency in essential facilities such as public parks, sports fields, cultural centers, and green spaces, which are vital for psychological well-being and social stability. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, integrating both quantitative and qualitative techniques to assess the current distribution of these services based on population growth data. The findings reveal a significant gap between the existing recreational facilities and international planning standards relative to the population size. Furthermore, the study identifies a lack of clear planning visions that rely on spatial and demographic indicators when allocating service sites. The proposed strategy focuses on optimizing site selection, increasing investment in green infrastructure, and ensuring an equitable distribution of facilities to meet future urban demands and enhance the overall urban environment of Bani Walid.
The Role of Export Marketing Strategies in Enhancing Economic Diversification: An Analytical Study of Selected International Experiences in the Post-Oil Era
This research investigates the strategic role of export marketing as a fundamental driver for economic transformation in oil-dependent nations facing the challenges of "commodity dependence" and global energy transition. The study addresses a core problem: the gap between temporary financial abundance from crude oil exports and the urgent need for long-term sustainable growth. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach and case study methodology, the paper examines successful international models, including Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, the UAE’s logistics sector, and Norway’s sovereign wealth management. The analysis utilizes theoretical frameworks such as Michael Porter’s Diamond Model to illustrate how natural resources can be converted into sustainable competitive advantages through value-added production. Key findings demonstrate that export marketing is no longer a secondary promotional tool but a cornerstone for "Nation Branding" and repositioning these economies as global hubs for innovation and green energy, particularly green hydrogen. The study concludes that success in the post-oil era depends on "Technical Marketing," the adoption of "Made in..." quality programs, and leveraging sovereign wealth funds as marketing arms to penetrate global markets. The research recommends integrating marketing intelligence into national development plans to mitigate external shocks and ensure a smooth transition toward knowledge-based economies.
Sociological Determinants of Municipal Council Elections in Libyan Society: Traditional Relations as a Model
This study examines the impact of traditional relations on municipal council elections within Libyan society, specifically focusing on how tribal, familial, and regional ties direct electoral behavior. These relationships function as informal mechanisms for reproducing social and political influence, transforming the act of voting from an individual choice based on merit or programs into a collective manifestation of group loyalty. The research highlights that tribal and family consensus significantly affects candidate selection and the formation of electoral alliances, which in turn restricts the democratic rotation of local elites. Using a sociological analytical approach, the study draws upon Ibn Khaldun’s theory of authority and Asabiyyah, Bourdieu’s social capital, and structural-functionalism. The analysis reveals that traditional structures are not merely social relics but are active systems that adapt within modern institutional frameworks, often filling the void left by weak official institutions and a lack of civic culture. The study concludes that the dominance of these traditional ties over the electoral process challenges the principles of equal opportunity and fair democratic practice. It recommends strengthening civic culture and official institutions to ensure a more transparent and effective democratic transition at the local level.
The Impact of Digital Transformation in Banking on the Components of the Internal Control System in Commercial Banks Operating in Tarhuna
Digital transformation has emerged as a fundamental pillar in the modern banking sector, significantly reshaping accounting processes and organizational structures. This study investigates the impact of digital transformation on the components of the internal control system within commercial banks operating in Tarhuna, Libya. The research framework is built upon the five core components of the COSO internal control model: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. To achieve the study objectives, a descriptive-analytical methodology was employed, utilizing a questionnaire distributed to a representative sample of bank employees. Out of the distributed surveys, 46 valid responses (85%) were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The statistical analysis, including Pearson correlation and regression analysis, revealed a significant positive impact of digital transformation on all internal control components. Specifically, the results indicate that adopting advanced digital technologies—such as artificial intelligence and big data analytics—enhances the integrity of the control environment, improves the precision of risk identification, and automates control activities to mitigate human error. The study concluded that approximately 44.6% of the variation in the effectiveness of internal control systems is attributable to digital transformation initiatives. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the Central Bank of Libya continuously update regulatory frameworks to align with digital requirements. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity for commercial banks to invest in advanced cybersecurity systems and provide specialized training for staff to manage risks in a digital environment effectively.
Applications of Jurisprudential Maxims in the Chapter of Agency: A Study Based on "Al-Mudawwanah al-Fiqhiyyah al-Malikiyyah wa Adillatuh" by Al-Sadiq Al-Ghurayani
This research aims to identify and study the jurisprudential maxims (al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah) extracted from the book "Mudawanat al-Fiqh al-Maliki wa Adillatuh" (Encyclopedia of Maliki Jurisprudence and its Evidences) authored by Al-Sadiq bin Abdulrahman Al-Ghurayani, specifically within the chapter of Agency (al-Wakālah). The study seeks to extract these rules, clarify their general meanings, and demonstrate their practical impact on the derivation of legal rulings. The importance of this research lies in the significance of the "Agency" contract in Islamic jurisprudence due to its widespread necessity in modern and ancient transactions and its reliance on delegation and authorization. The researcher employed an inductive methodology to track the rules within the specified chapter of the "Mudawanat" and an analytical methodology to understand how these rules are utilized and linked to their practical applications. The paper covers several key maxims, such as "Is the agent’s hand considered the same as the principal’s hand?", "Is the implied content of an admission treated as an explicit admission?", and "Custom is an arbiter". Each maxim is accompanied by its jurisprudential evidence and practical applications. For example, the study explores how the maxim "Custom is an arbiter" defines the boundaries of general and specific agency and the acceptance of offers. The research concludes that Al-Sadiq Al-Ghurayani relied on these maxims as a fundamental basis for deducing rulings, showcasing the flexibility of Maliki jurisprudence in integrating custom and social habits into the legal framework. Furthermore, the study recommends further investigation into contemporary jurisprudential rules within the "Mudawanat" to bridge the gap between classical jurisprudence and modern reality.
A Comparative study of the Jew character (Shylock) in Merchant of Venice to Prophet Moses' nation (Jewish)
This research sheds light on several narratives found in the Holy Qur’an and other sacred texts that present specific facts regarding the Jews. Both the Qur’an and the Bible collectively affirm the authenticity of these accounts. Furthermore, historical records, folklore, and literature corroborate these facts across the pre-medieval and contemporary eras. This study examines the events surrounding the Prophet Moses (peace be upon him) as a primary example of the traits associated with the Jews, alongside the actions of Shylock, the central Jewish protagonist in William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice. It is argued that dealing with the Jews is challenging due to toxic traits that have led to their marginalization by various nations—vices articulated in the Qur’an, the Bible, and world literature. The study posits that they possess some of the most abhorrent characteristics found in human groups, suggesting that these inclinations are deeply rooted and passed down through generations. Despite being favored by God over other nations and receiving numerous prophets for guidance, most rejected these divine blessings. They are depicted as defying divine commands, fabricating claims regarding God’s nature, and assassinating prophets and religious leaders. This research aims to establish a thematic link between Shylock, the fictional character in Shakespeare’s play, and the people of Moses (peace be upon him). The comparison analyzes manifestations of hostility, intolerance, and manipulation as they appear literarily in Shylock and religiously in the people of Moses. As part of this inquiry, these behaviors will be evaluated through the theoretical lenses of Ethical Subjectivism, Ethical Egoism, and Divine Command Theory.
The Reality of Scientific Laboratory Utilization in Medical and Applied Colleges at the University of Derna: An Analytical Study of Educational, Research, and Equipment Dimensions
This study aimed to analyze the level of utilization of scientific laboratories in university education at the University of Derna through three main dimensions: the educational dimension, the research dimension, and the equipment dimension. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and used a questionnaire as the data collection tool. The questionnaire was administered to a proportional stratified random sample consisting of 51 faculty members from the Faculties of Science, Medicine, and Pharmacy. The results related to the educational dimension showed that the majority of faculty members link theoretical content with laboratory activities, while a weakness was observed in training students to use modern devices and technologies. Regarding the research dimension, the results indicated that faculty members contribute to transforming laboratory activities into research projects; however, there was a low level of suitability of the available equipment for the requirements of advanced scientific research. Concerning the equipment dimension, the results revealed that faculty members participate in identifying priorities for laboratory equipment, while the availability of modern devices was rated low. The results also showed no statistically significant differences among colleges in the level of utilization of scientific laboratories and their various dimensions. Likewise, no statistically significant differences were found among colleges in the level of laboratory use. The study recommends updating laboratory equipment in the faculties of science, medicine, and pharmacy to align with modern research requirements and enhancing practical training programs for students on modern technologies.
Learning Difficulties and Their Relationship to Academic Achievement Among Primary School Students from the Perspective of Teachers in the Al-Washka Region
This study aims to investigate the relationship between learning disabilities and academic achievement among primary school students in the Al-Washka region from the perspective of their teachers. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher employed the descriptive-analytical methodology, which is suitable for exploring the phenomena in its natural context. The study sample consisted of (37) male and female teachers selected from primary schools in the region. For data collection, the researcher utilized two main instruments: the Dr. Zaidan Al-Sartawi Scale for Learning Disabilities and the students' annual evaluation records to measure academic achievement. The findings of the study revealed that learning disabilities among the targeted students appear at a moderate level leaning towards low, indicating that while these difficulties exist, they are not severe in their overall manifestation. Specifically, the results emphasized that manifestations of attention deficit and concentration difficulties range between moderate and high-moderate levels. Furthermore, students suffer from auditory-attentional difficulties at a moderate degree. In addition, the results showed that visual perception and visual-motor coordination difficulties appear at a moderate level, sometimes leaning towards high. The study also found a statistically significant correlation between the level of learning disabilities and the decline in academic achievement. Based on these findings, the study offered a set of recommendations, most notably the importance of early detection of learning disabilities in the primary stage and the necessity of training teachers on modern teaching strategies to support students with such challenges.
A Proposed Conceptual Framework for an AI-Based Educational System to Develop Teacher Preparation Programs in Colleges of Education
This study explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the educational framework of Colleges of Education to enhance the quality of teacher preparation programs. As global education undergoes a profound digital transformation, traditional pedagogical methods often fail to address individual learning needs or bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. The primary objective of this research is to design a comprehensive, AI-based conceptual system tailored specifically for teacher education. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the study reviews contemporary literature to identify how AI can foster personalized learning, intelligent assessment, and data-driven decision-making. The proposed system consists of five core components: an intelligent learning platform, AI-powered tutoring systems, learning analytics, virtual training and simulation environments, and smart assessment tools. These components work in synergy to provide student-teachers with immediate feedback, adaptive content, and safe spaces for practicing classroom management. Findings indicate that such a system significantly improves teaching effectiveness and aligns teacher training with modern digital demands. However, successful implementation requires overcoming challenges related to technical infrastructure, faculty readiness, and ethical considerations regarding data privacy. The study concludes that AI integration is a strategic necessity for improving educational outcomes and recommends institutional support and continuous professional development for faculty to ensure a successful transition into AI-enhanced environments.
Achievement Motivation among Secondary School Students in Gharyan in Light of Gender, Specialization, and Educational Level Variables
The present study aimed to identify the level of achievement motivation among a sample of secondary school students in the city of Gharyan, Libya. It specifically sought to explore the differences in achievement motivation based on three main variables: gender, academic specialization, and educational level. To achieve these objectives, the researcher employed a descriptive comparative methodology. The study population consisted of 792 students from various secondary schools in the Taghsat area, including both male and female institutions. A purposive sample of 60 students (30 males and 30 females) was selected from the second and third years of secondary education, encompassing both scientific and literary tracks. The researcher utilized the Achievement Motivation Scale developed by Al-Ghamdi (2009), which was adapted to suit the Libyan environment. The scale demonstrated high reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.81. Data were processed using several statistical tools, including means, standard deviations, percentages, and Independent Samples T-tests. The results of the study revealed that the overall level of achievement motivation among the participants was high, with a mean of 70.73 and a percentage of 70%. Regarding the demographic variables, the findings indicated no statistically significant differences in achievement motivation between male and female students, where the significance level reached 0.157. However, significant differences were found based on the educational level in favor of second-year students compared to third-year students, with a significance value of 0.031. Additionally, statistically significant differences emerged regarding academic specialization in favor of the literary track compared to the scientific track, with a significance value of 0.000. Based on these findings, the study recommended conducting further descriptive and experimental research on achievement motivation across different educational stages and exploring its relationship with other psychological variables such as self-actualization and academic performance.
The constitutional basis of tax policy in Libya: A legal-economic analysis
This research explores the constitutional basis of tax policy in Libya, specifically examining the alignment of the Income Tax Law No. 7 of 2010 with the 2011 Constitutional Declaration. The study adopts an analytical and economic approach to evaluate how constitutional principles like legality, equality, and tax justice are integrated into tax legislation. It addresses the tension between the state's need for financial resources and the protection of taxpayers' rights, highlighting how adherence to constitutional constraints enhances the efficiency of fiscal policy and promotes economic stability. The findings indicate that while a constitutional framework exists, there is a need for stronger judicial oversight and legislative refinements to ensure that tax tools effectively support investment and social justice without violating individual rights.
Creative Imagination in Early Childhood: An Educational and Psychological Vision for Development and Enhancement
Creative imagination in early childhood is a fundamental pillar for the child's mental, emotional, and social development. It plays a crucial role in shaping personality and enhancing cognitive and linguistic abilities, leading to improved problem-solving skills and self-expression. This study aims to identify the methods for developing creative imagination during the early years, as well as exploring the concepts of imagination and creativity, their manifestations, and the theories explaining them. The research follows a descriptive-analytical approach to study and interpret the phenomenon of creative imagination. The theoretical framework discusses various types of imagination, such as active, appreciative, cognitive, and creative imagination. It also highlights that creative imagination is a high-level mental activity that produces novel insights and original images. The study addresses the stages of the creative process, including preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification. Furthermore, it identifies obstacles that hinder this development, such as weak classroom environments, traditional educational systems, and improper upbringing methods. Conversely, the study emphasizes key stimulants like storytelling, digital cartoons, drawing, coloring, and exploring nature. The findings indicate that creative imagination is the gateway to creativity and is characterized by fluency, flexibility, and originality. The researcher recommends training kindergarten teachers on modern technological methods and educating parents on how to discover and nurture their children's creative talents.
Inefficiency of Foreign Exchange Distribution Mechanisms via Commercial Banks and its Impact on Exchange Rate Stability: An Applied Study on the Libyan Economy (2016-2022)
This study investigates the impact of operational and administrative inefficiencies within commercial banks on the stability of the Libyan Dinar's exchange rate from 2016 to 2022. The research addresses a critical gap by shifting focus from macroeconomic variables, such as oil revenues and government spending, to the micro-level performance of commercial banks as the primary transmission channel for monetary policy. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, the study evaluates data on letters of credit and individual foreign exchange allowances, comparing these figures with parallel market price fluctuations. The findings reveal that commercial banks have functioned as a "bottleneck" in the foreign exchange distribution process. Results indicate a strong positive correlation between banking procedural complexity, technical system failures, and the widening price gap in the black market. Furthermore, the study identifies a unique monetary distortion where the failure of banks to manage liquidity effectively led to multiple exchange rates based on payment methods, specifically a "check rate" versus a "cash rate". These technical and administrative frictions have eroded public confidence, driving importers and citizens toward the parallel market to secure their needs. The study concludes that achieving monetary stability requires more than just central bank policy adjustments; it necessitates comprehensive reform of the commercial banking sector. Recommendations include a full transition toward digitalization to minimize human intervention and eliminate nepotism, as well as mandating banks to accept all electronic payment methods to bridge the price gap and restore financial sector credibility.
Manifestations and Effects of Job Alienation in Light of Digital Transformation: An Analytical Sociological Perspective
Sociologists, particularly those specializing in social psychology, have shown significant interest in the phenomenon of job alienation, which has been increasingly prevalent in the digital age. This study aims to identify job alienation, its key manifestations, and its subsequent effects within contemporary digital work environments. The research employs a descriptive analytical methodology to investigate how digital transformation reshapes professional performance and organizational relationships. The theoretical framework utilizes Karl Marx's theory of alienation, applying it to modern contexts where workers may become detached from their work products, their professional selves, and their colleagues due to technological dominance. Key findings indicate that increasing professional reliance on digital technologies, algorithms, and artificial intelligence leads to a profound sense of professional isolation. Furthermore, digital transformation impacts workers' perception of their professional identity, often resulting in a loss of meaning and value in their tasks. The study highlights that digital labor, despite offering speed and efficiency, produces new patterns of alienation such as digital surveillance, constant connectivity stress, and the blurring of boundaries between professional and private life. These manifestations lead to significant organizational consequences, including decreased job satisfaction, higher turnover rates, and diminished productivity. The study concludes by emphasizing the dialectical nature of digital transformation, which carries potentials for liberation but also risks of deep human objectification. Recommendations include developing a participatory digital culture, training employees in digital skills, and designing work environments that balance technical efficiency with human dignity.
Hieron II and the Transformations of Rule in Hellenistic Sicily A Reading of the Instruments of Legitimacy and Stability
This study examines the reign of Hiero II in the kingdom of Syracuse, Sicily, during the late pre-Roman centuries, focusing on political transformations, military strategies, internal administration, diplomatic relations, and cultural and religious roles. It presents the historical background of the kingdom prior to Hiero II’s rule, highlighting regional conflicts between Greek and Carthaginian powers and their impact on state stability. The study analyzes Hiero II’s political and military career, the foundations of governance and administration, and his methods of managing internal affairs, emphasizing the wisdom in his practices and the balance between military power and domestic policy. Furthermore, it demonstrates how diplomatic alliances and the promotion of culture and religion reinforced the legitimacy and stability of the kingdom. Utilizing a historical-analytical methodology with references to both ancient and modern sources, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of Hiero II’s rule and its effects on the continuity and stability of the state. The findings indicate that Hiero II succeeded in rebuilding state institutions after a period of turmoil, strengthening central authority without neglecting the balance with local powers. His calculated diplomacy and alliances with Rome and other Greek cities served as effective tools for the kingdom's stability, preserving Syracuse's relative independence and securing its interests. Additionally, Hiero II's patronage of arts, culture, and religion played a pivotal role in enhancing the legitimacy of his rule and reviving Hellenic identity in Sicily. Ultimately, Hiero II's practices embodied a balance between power and wisdom, making his reign a unique model of stability in the Hellenistic Mediterranean.