Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies
The Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies (CJHES) ISSN: (3105-9481) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Academic University in Libya. With a commitment to advancing knowledge, CJHES publishes four issues annually, covering a wide range of topics within the humanities and educational sciences. Our Vision To be a leading platform for high-quality research that contributes to the understanding and development of the humanities and educational fields. Our Mission To provide a rigorous and accessible venue for scholars to publish original research, fostering intellectual exchange and collaboration. Our Objectives To publish cutting-edge research across all sub-disciplines of the humanities and educational sciences. To promote open-access scholarly publishing. To uphold the highest standards of academic integrity and peer review. For more information, you can visit the journal's website at or contact the editor at editor@cjhes.com.ly. You can also reach them via WhatsApp at +218925574772.
Legal Controls of Travel Bans in Criminal Matters
This study addresses a fundamental legal and practical issue within the Libyan judicial system: the legislative vacuum regulating travel bans in criminal matters. The current Libyan Code of Criminal Procedure lacks explicit provisions granting investigative authorities the power to issue such orders or establishing specific controls for them. The research aims to analyze the substantive and formal conditions of this measure, determine its legal nature and authoritative weight, and assess the feasibility of appealing or challenging it. This is conducted within the framework of balancing criminal justice requirements with the protection of constitutional rights and freedoms, particularly the right to movement. The study employs analytical, critical, and descriptive methodologies, demonstrating that current practice relies on jurisprudential and judicial interpretations that grant this authority to the Attorney General as a temporary precautionary measure to ensure investigation integrity and prevent flight, making it prone to potential abuse in the absence of legal regulation. The study concludes by recommending the filling of this legislative vacuum through amending the Code of Criminal Procedure or adopting the 2017 Libyan Draft Constitution. This would ensure that travel bans are subject to strict controls, including being issued as a reasoned judicial order for a specific duration, while guaranteeing the defendant's right to appeal before a competent judicial authority to align practical application with principles of constitutional legitimacy.
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Water Conflict over the Euphrates River in Light of International Law Rules: A Study on Political and Security Dimensions
This research investigates the water conflict over the Euphrates River, analyzing it as a multifaceted issue involving legal, political, and security dimensions among the riparian states: Turkey, Syria, and Iraq. The study addresses the core problem of unequal water distribution, exacerbated by the absence of a comprehensive, binding international treaty and the conflicting legal interpretations of the river’s status—whether as an international watercourse or a transboundary one. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical and historical methodology, the research explores how Turkey’s upstream water projects, such as the GAP project, have directly impacted water availability downstream, leading to economic, environmental, and social crises in Syria and Iraq. Furthermore, the study evaluates various diplomatic efforts at both national and international levels, including bilateral agreements and the involvement of regional and international organizations, noting their limited success in imposing binding settlement mechanisms. The findings highlight that the conflict is deeply rooted in a lack of political will, historical regional tensions, and the absence of a unified framework for water management. The research concludes that managing the Euphrates requires more than technical adjustments; it demands a strategic shift toward a comprehensive tripartite agreement supported by international guarantees to ensure equitable and sustainable water use. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that the Euphrates issue is intrinsically linked to the national security and food sovereignty of the involved states, making sustainable cooperation essential for regional stability.
Patterns of the Nominal Declarative Sentence in the Orations of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz: A Grammatical Study
I praise Allah the Almighty for granting us the opportunity to examine the legacy of the pious from the Ummah of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him). Imam Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was one of the Umayyad caliphs and is described as the fifth of the Rashidun Caliphs. I have studied a portion of his orations under the title, "Patterns of the Nominal Declarative Sentence in the Orations of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz: A Grammatical Study." The introduction provides a brief biography of Ibn Abd al-Aziz and defines the study’s terminology, including the definition of oratory and its various domains within his leadership. The chapters analyze the "patterns of the nominal declarative sentence" from several perspectives: first, the impact of operative particles (naskh); second, affirmative structures (as the default state) alongside the inclusion of negative particles; and third, the presence or absence of emphasis. The second chapter presents practical applications by analyzing selected orations of Ibn Abd al-Aziz to illustrate these nominal declarative sentence patterns. The study concludes with several findings, most notably the absence of explicit verbal and nominal emphasis in the orations available to us. I suggest that he may have employed such emphasis in other speeches, or perhaps he did not use it at all due to his lack of affectation or his profound lack of trust in worldly matters, as Ibn Abd al-Aziz held no value for what this world contains.
Exploring Students' Perceptions of Language Testing Challenges: A Case Study of European Languages Department 3rd Semester Students
This study investigates adult EFL learners' perceptions of challenges within the language testing context, focusing on 3rd-semester undergraduates at the European Languages Department, University of Benghazi. Utilizing a mixed-methods descriptive approach, data were collected from 30 students through a multidimensional perception questionnaire adapted from established assessment literacy frameworks. Quantitative results reveal a significant instructional gap, particularly regarding the lack of timely diagnostic feedback (M = 2.77, SD = 0.94), which hinders students' ability to identify and rectify structural errors. Qualitative thematic analysis identifies test anxiety (M = 4.47, SD = 0.63) and cognitive saturation as the primary inhibitors of performance. Students reported frequent "mental blocks" and "word forgetting" during high-stakes evaluations, indicating that emotional dysregulation, rather than a lack of content knowledge, serves as a primary barrier to demonstrating linguistic competence. These results align with neuro-cognitive theories of late L2 processing, which posit that the simultaneous demands of morphosyntactic retrieval and time pressure overwhelm the brain's executive functions. Consequently, the study emphasizes the necessity for low-stakes formative assessments, explicit test-taking strategy instruction, and streamlined feedback cycles to mitigate negative washback and foster a more supportive assessment environment.
Psychological Stress and Its Relationship with Family Adjustment among Working Mothers at Ras Lanuf Oil and Gas Manufacturing Company
This study aimed to identify the level of psychological stress and its relationship with family adjustment among working mothers at Ras Lanuf Oil and Gas Manufacturing Company. The study also sought to explore how social and occupational factors may influence the psychological and family lives of working mothers. To achieve these objectives, the descriptive correlational method was employed due to its suitability for the nature of the study and its research questions. The study sample consisted of 30 working mothers selected from the study population. Data were collected using the Psychological Stress Scale and the Family Adjustment Scale after verifying their validity and reliability through appropriate statistical procedures. The findings revealed that the level of psychological stress among working mothers was moderate. The results also indicated that the level of family adjustment was relatively high. Furthermore, a statistically significant negative correlation was found between psychological stress and family adjustment, suggesting that higher levels of psychological stress are associated with lower levels of family adjustment. The findings also demonstrated that family adjustment plays an important role in reducing the negative effects of psychological stress experienced by working mothers as a result of balancing occupational and family responsibilities. Based on these findings, the study recommends the development of counseling and psychological support programs aimed at reducing psychological stress and enhancing family adjustment among working mothers. It also emphasizes the importance of providing a supportive work environment that takes into account the needs of working women. In addition, further studies are recommended to investigate other psychological and family-related variables among this population.
The Role of Administrative Leadership in Improving Job Performance: An Applied Study on North Africa Bank - Sabratha Branch
This study investigates the role of administrative leadership in improving job performance, specifically applied to the North Africa Bank, Sabratha Branch. The study aims to highlight the significance of administrative leadership in enhancing institutional performance and raising employee efficiency within the banking sector. The research addresses the following main question: What is the role of administrative leadership in improving job performance at the North Africa Bank, Sabratha Branch? Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of bank employees and administrators to achieve the research objectives. The findings reveal a positive relationship between effective administrative leadership and improved job performance. Specifically, leadership styles based on motivation, participation, and effective communication contribute to higher employee efficiency and improved achievement levels within the bank. Furthermore, the study indicates that investment in training and administrative development has a positive reflection on employees' job performance. Consequently, the study recommends enhancing the leadership skills of the bank's managers, improving managerial communication methods, and implementing robust job training and qualification programs to create a motivating work environment that helps achieve organizational goals efficiently.
Empowering Local Residents in Sustainable Tourism Development: A Case Study of Jaghbub Oasis
This study aims to examine the role of local residents in developing and guiding sustainable tourism in the Jaghbub Oasis, by identifying their awareness of the importance of tourism, their contribution to supporting this sector, and the obstacles that limit their effective participation, in addition to exploring future opportunities to achieve balanced tourism development. The study relied on a quantitative analytical approach through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of (354) individuals from the local community, according to Morgan's table. The questionnaire addressed several topics, including residents' knowledge of the importance of tourism, employment opportunities, tourism training and skills, the impact of migration on tourism activity, government support, and their stance on developing medical, natural, and cultural tourism patterns. The results showed that a large percentage of the population recognizes the importance of sustainable tourism as an economic and social resource, but their actual participation remains limited due to factors such as weak infrastructure (28.2%), lack of training programs (25.4%), weak government support (15.8%), and continued out-migration (11.3%). The results also indicated that migration negatively impacts the availability of labor and acquired experience, while medical and natural tourism enjoy wide acceptance among residents, provided that basic services are improved and sustainable investments are provided to enhance this vital sector in the oasis.
The Role of Budget Estimates in Evaluating the Financial and Administrative Performance of Libyan Organizations: A Field Study on a Sample of Libyan Organizations in the City of Al Kufra
This study aimed to identify the role of estimated budgets in evaluating the financial and administrative performance of Libyan organizations, specifically a sample of organizations in the city of Al-Kufra. To achieve the study's objectives, a descriptive-analytical approach was used. The sample was drawn from the entire study population, and data was collected using a questionnaire and personal interviews distributed to 19 participants. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study yielded several key findings, including: The following results were obtained: The absence of a department specializing in preparing estimated budgets in industrial, service, and governmental organizations, and the reliance on historical data when preparing estimated budgets in both industrial and service organizations. The study, which examined government organizations, noted that participants in the survey who had contributed to the preparation of estimated budgets were involved less than three times, impacting the accuracy and clarity of these budgets. The study offered several recommendations, including: that government organizations prepare estimated budgets systematically and regularly to maximize their effectiveness; the necessity of expanding computer use, particularly in industrial and governmental organizations, to save time and effort; and the importance of focusing on the professional development of staff involved in preparing estimated budgets, especially within government entities.
Coastal State Sovereignty vs. Freedom of Navigation in International Straits: A Case Study of the Strait of Hormuz
This research undertakes a study and analysis of the legal regime governing international straits under public international law, with a specific focus on the Strait of Hormuz as a case study, given its paramount geostrategic and economic significance. The study aims to elucidate the balance established by international law and relevant conventions—particularly the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)—between the rights of riparian states to protect their sovereignty and security, and the international community's right to ensure the freedom and continuity of maritime navigation through the regimes of "transit passage" and "innocent passage." The research discusses the legal challenges arising from the divergent positions between the riparian states of the Strait of Hormuz (Sultanate of Oman and the Islamic Republic of Iran) and the states utilizing it. The study concludes that the Strait of Hormuz is subject to the provisions of international treaties and customary international law, which mandate the continuity of international navigation and prohibit obstruction of passage, notwithstanding the legislative reservations of some riparian states. The research emphasizes the necessity of joint coordination to ensure global energy security and protect the marine environment.
Soft Power Diplomacy in Iranian Foreign Policy during the Rule of Ayatollah Khomeini (1979-1989)
This research paper analyzes the soft power strategy adopted by the Islamic Republic of Iran in its foreign policy during the first decade of the Islamic Revolution (1979-1989) under the leadership of Imam Ayat Allah Khomeini. The research aims to examine the cultural, religious, and media tools employed by Tehran to expand its regional and international influence, disseminate its revolutionary model based on the principle of "Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist" (Welayat-el Faqih), export the revolution, and challenge Western hegemony amidst highly complex domestic and regional circumstances.
The Impact of Administrative Leadership on Improving Institutional Performance (An Applied Study on Jumhouria Bank – Bani Walid Branch)
This study aims to investigate the impact of administrative leadership practices on enhancing institutional performance levels within the Jumhouria Bank, Bani Walid branch. Administrative leadership is considered a fundamental pillar for ensuring the efficiency of banking operations amidst rapidly accelerating technical changes. The research problem lies in the need to understand the nature of the relationship between implemented leadership styles and their direct impact on organizational performance quality. To achieve the study objectives, a descriptive analytical method was adopted. A questionnaire was designed to collect data from the study population consisting of bank employees, using a comprehensive enumeration or appropriate purposive sampling method, with statistical data processing to extract results. The study focused on pivotal dimensions of administrative leadership, including planning, decision-making, communication skills, motivation, and monitoring. Initial results indicate a statistically significant relationship between administrative leadership practices and improved institutional performance, confirming the importance of adopting a supportive and flexible leadership style that enhances the bank's ability to achieve its goals. Based on these findings, the study recommends the necessity of intensifying training programs for administrative leaders in modern banking fields, strengthening effective communication channels, and activating incentive systems linked to performance indicators. This paper provides a knowledge contribution to banking research and offers a practical vision for human resource and leadership management to enhance competitiveness.
The Methodological Structure of Qur’anic Discourse: A Contextual Semantic Study of the Concepts of Iḥkām (Perfecting), Tafṣīl (Detailing), Tafrīq (Gradual Revelation/Differentiation), and Tartīl (Measured Recitation)
This study explores the methodological structure of Qur’anic discourse through a contextual semantic analysis of the concepts of Iḥkām, Tafṣīl, Tafrīq, and Tartīl. It examines their linguistic and contextual relations as interconnected principles governing the structure, clarification, gradual revelation, and reception of the Qur’anic text. The study aims to present an integrated systematic reading that moves beyond fragmentary approaches to Qur’anic concepts.
Educational Administration in Times of Crisis: Institutional Adaptation Strategies in Unstable Environments (The Case of Libya)
This study addresses the topic of educational administration in times of crisis: institutional adaptation strategies in unstable environments – the case of Libya, aiming to analyze the reality of educational administration in educational institutions under unstable conditions, and to explore the extent of their ability to adopt institutional adaptation strategies to ensure the continuity of the educational process and improve its quality. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, by examining the reality of educational institutions in crisis environments and reviewing the most prominent challenges facing educational administration, such as weak strategic planning, lack of contingency plans, instability of educational policies, in addition to limited resources and insufficient training in crisis management. The findings revealed that educational administration in unstable environments often relies on unplanned, immediate responses, which reduces the effectiveness of crisis management. The study also found a weakness in the readiness of educational institutions to properly implement institutional adaptation strategies. On the other hand, the results indicated that improving educational leadership, adopting proactive planning, utilizing modern technologies, and strengthening community partnerships can significantly enhance the resilience of educational institutions in the face of crises. In conclusion, the study emphasizes that achieving educational stability in unstable environments requires restructuring educational administration on flexible and strategic foundations that focus on adaptation, planning, and risk management, ensuring the continuity and quality of education despite challenges.
Professional Performance Development of School Psychologists in Basic Education Schools in Bani Walid Municipality in Light of International Experiences
This study aimed to develop the professional performance of school psychologists in basic education schools in Bani Walid Municipality, Libya, in light of leading international experiences. The study adopted both a descriptive-analytical approach and a comparative methodology, examining theoretical literature and analyzing the practices of the United States, United Kingdom, Finland, and Jordan in school psychologist professional development. The study identified key professional gaps, including limited diagnostic and therapeutic competencies, absence of a systematic continuous professional development framework, and weak organizational support structures. Accordingly, the study proposed a comprehensive framework built on five pillars: developing a professional competency framework, activating continuous professional development, establishing a specialized supervision system, modernizing organizational structures and professional tools, and strengthening institutional and community partnerships. The study recommends adopting a national competency framework for school psychologists in Libya, establishing a specialized school mental health unit in Bani Walid, and launching a well-designed pilot programmed.
The Impact of Total Quality Management on Improving Organizational Performance: An Applied Study on Bani Walid General Hospital
The study aims to identify the impact of Total Quality Management (TQM) on improving organizational performance, through an applied study at Bani Walid General Hospital, in light of the increasing challenges facing health institutions and their continuous endeavor to raise service quality and achieve performance efficiency and effectiveness. The study focuses on several TQM dimensions: top management commitment, customer focus, continuous improvement, employee involvement, and training as key factors affecting organizational performance levels. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical method, using a questionnaire as the primary tool to collect data from a sample of hospital staff. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to test hypotheses and measure the relationship between study variables. The study found a statistically significant impact of applying TQM principles on improving organizational performance, as quality practices contributed to enhancing administrative and service performance efficiency, improving health service quality, and fostering patient and employee satisfaction, in addition to supporting a culture of continuous improvement within the institution. Results also showed that top management commitment and employee training are among the most influential dimensions in achieving effective organizational performance. Based on the results, the study recommended strengthening the application of TQM principles within health institutions, providing continuous training programs for employees, developing performance evaluation systems, and supporting a quality culture that contributes to raising the efficiency of health institutions and achieving their strategic goals.
Libyan Banking Mergers and Acquisitions and Small and Medium Enterprise Lending
Bank mergers and acquisitions can affect small and medium business lending. This study used a qualitative, case-study approach to examine the impact of bank mergers and acquisitions on small and medium business lending in Sebhā, Libya. Researchers have studied the reasons and theories behind banking mergers and acquisitions, and their history and conceptual framework. This study contributes to the literature by showing the significant role mergers and acquisitions play in third-world countries’ economies, highlighting the impact on small and medium businesses. These study results can also apply to other similar economies that experience identical problems, yielding opportunities for improvement. The sample for the case study were 20 employees from the Libyan Central bank – South branch’s loan department. After interviewing the employees, samples were compared, and main ideas were selected through qualitative analyses. The findings suggest that despite the lack of competition which hinders small and medium businesses due to a reduced quality of the banks’ services, mergers and acquisitions allow for the creation of large-sized organizations that decrease the likelihood of collapse during supervisory regime’s instability. The findings also revealed factors such as the unavailability of vital guarantees required by the banks and scarcity of funds to cover the loans are significant factors that hindered obtaining loans by small and medium enterprises.
Legal Regulation to Combat Fraud in Documentary Credits under the Libyan Commercial Activity Law No. 23 of 2010
This study examines the legal regulation of fraud in documentary credits under Libyan Commercial Activity Law No. 23 of 2010, focusing on whether Articles 740–751 provide sufficient protection to documentary credit parties, especially where the beneficiary or another party exploits the independence principle and the rule that banks deal with documents rather than goods. The issue is significant because documentary credits remain a major instrument for financing foreign trade and effecting payment in Libya, while official data issued by the Central Bank of Libya for 2023 showed that documentary credits represented the overwhelming majority of accepted foreign-exchange coverage requests. This increases the practical danger of fraud unless accompanied by adequate legislative and regulatory safeguards. The study adopts an analytical method in reading the Libyan statutory provisions and a comparative method in drawing on recent open-access Arabic legal scholarship. It concludes that Libyan law successfully affirms the independence principle, documentary compliance, and the supplementary role of international uniform customs and practice. However, it does not expressly regulate the fraud exception, nor does it establish a detailed mechanism to suspend payment where serious evidence of forgery or material fraud exists. Accordingly, the study recommends introducing a specific legislative or regulatory rule on documentary credit fraud, strengthening urgent judicial relief, raising banks’ standards of professional care, and integrating documentary credit operations with modern compliance and digital verification requirements.
Linguistic Origin and Semantic Expansion: Between Root Stability and Contextual Shifts—An Applied Study of Selected Qur’anic Verses
This research addresses the dialectical relationship between linguistic roots and semantic expansion in understanding Qur’anic vocabulary. It aims to demonstrate that every word possesses a stable linguistic root forming the core of its meaning, as established by linguists like Ibn Faris, to which various derivations return. However, this study proves that the significance of a Qur’anic term does not remain rigid within this origin; rather, it expands flexibly under the influence of contextual usage, transitioning between literal and abstract meanings and moving from specification to generalization, thereby acquiring new secondary connotations that deepen interpretive insight. This semantic expansion appears clearly in the Qur’anic text, where a single word assumes multiple meanings based on context and indicators, while maintaining a full organic connection to its linguistic root, whether that connection is apparent or hidden to those reflecting on the Arabic language. Qur’anic contexts, supported by the efforts of exegetes and linguists, play a pivotal role in directing and branching these meanings without deviating from the essence of the root. The study concludes that combining linguistic anchoring with contextual analysis provides researchers with a deeper realization of the intended meaning in the verses and reveals the eloquence and richness of the Qur’anic expression. This methodology was applied to selected samples from the Qur’an, namely: (kabad, harad, ‘awl, nasr, ragha, tamanna). It was found that context acts as a semantic engine, moving the word from its narrow circle to vast spaces, which enhances the understanding of the text and highlights the precision of Qur’anic word choice.
Digital Educationl Management as a Mechanism for Institutional Transformation towards E-Learning within Educational Institutions in Bani Walid
This study addresses digital educational management as a strategic mechanism for achieving institutional transformation toward e-learning within educational institutions in the city of Bani Walid. The research analyzed the pivotal role of digital management in overcoming the technical and human obstacles that hinder the transition from traditional to modern digital models, focusing on the dialectical relationship between adopting technological tools and institutional performance efficiency. The study originated from a core problem regarding the gap between digital transformation requirements and the current administrative and organizational reality, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach to examine theoretical concepts and define the essential requirements for transformation, including effective educational leadership, infrastructure development, human resource cultivation, and an innovation-supportive organizational culture. The findings indicate that digital educational management is not merely a technical tool but a comprehensive organizational approach requiring the reformulation of administrative processes to ensure educational quality. The study recommended implementing intensive training plans for administrative and teaching staff, investing in technological infrastructure, and formulating clear policies to foster the shift toward e-learning. The results highlight the necessity of adopting a flexible administrative model that adapts to rapid technological developments, thereby contributing to the efficiency of educational institutions in Bani Walid and achieving their developmental goals.
Some Aspects of Mental Health among Faculty Members at the Faculty of Humanities for Girls, Al-Asmarya Islamic University, Zliten
This study aimed to identify some aspects of mental health among faculty members at the Faculty of Humanities for Girls in Zliten. This was achieved by measuring the level of emotional balance, job satisfaction, and social relationships, as well as identifying the aspects that require psychological and professional support within the college. The study also sought to determine whether there were statistically significant differences in the level of mental health among faculty members attributable to gender, academic rank, or years of experience. The study adopted the descriptive analytical method. The study sample consisted of (50) faculty members from the college, representing a total population sample, since the research population itself consisted of (50) faculty members. The findings revealed that the most prominent manifestations of mental health included a high ability to control emotions and deal calmly with professional problems, in addition to the presence of good social relationships and psychological support within the college, along with a general sense of job satisfaction despite some challenges. The results also emphasized the importance of paying attention to the mental health of faculty members by providing psychological support, addressing work-related stress management, and offering appropriate moral appreciation. Furthermore, the study showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the level of mental health among faculty members attributable to academic rank, years of experience, or gender.
Tourist Attraction Components in Gharyan City and Strategies for Their Development
The research addresses the tourist attraction components in Gharyan Municipality, classifying them into natural and human (historical and archaeological) factors that can be utilized to transform the region into a prominent tourist destination. The research aims to identify these potentials and analyze the challenges and obstacles that hinder the development of tourist activities and impede their optimal exploitation. To achieve the study objectives, a multi-path analytical scientific methodology was adopted to investigate relevant data and information. The study reached several essential results, most notably that Gharyan Municipality possesses a rich and diverse base of components that qualify it to be an important tourist destination at the local and national levels, provided that appropriate development strategies are available. Based on these findings, the study presented a set of practical recommendations that focus on the necessity of increasing attention to the tourism sector, developing infrastructure, and providing the necessary facilities to support this activity as a vital economic tributary that contributes to diversifying income sources in the municipality.
Methods of Acquiring Knowledge of the Electronic Administrative Decision
This research examines electronic means of acquiring knowledge of electronic administrative decisions as a legal consequence of the digital transformation of public administration. It proceeds from the premise that an administrative decision does not become enforceable against individuals merely upon its issuance; rather, its enforceability depends on their knowledge of it through legally recognized means. These means have evolved from traditional forms into electronic forms, namely electronic publication, electronic notification, and electronic actual knowledge. The research aims to assess the adequacy of these means in establishing knowledge of administrative decisions, and their effect on the enforceability of such decisions and the commencement of judicial appeal periods. It also examines the legal requirements governing their validity and evidentiary value. The study adopts a descriptive analytical method, while drawing on the comparative method where appropriate. It concludes that electronic means can perform the same function as traditional means in establishing knowledge of administrative decisions, provided that the necessary legal and technical safeguards are met, particularly clarity of content, official recognition of the medium, and the ability to prove receipt or access. The research further emphasizes the need to develop legislative regulation in a manner that balances administrative efficiency with the protection of individual rights.
enforceability of administrative decisions
The Phenomenon of Delayed Marriage in Contemporary Libyan Society: An Analytical Theoretical Study in Light of Sociological Theories
Contemporary societies have witnessed significant social, economic, and cultural transformations that have fundamentally altered social value systems and triggered key shifts in marriage patterns, most notably the phenomenon of delayed marriage at first marriage. This study presents an analytical theoretical overview of this phenomenon, examining its core concepts, types, and the main socio-economic and cultural factors influencing it. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the scientific material is systematically gathered and analyzed within a logical framework to explore the phenomenon from a sociological perspective. Structurally, the study analyzes delayed marriage through four major sociological lenses: Functionalist Theory, Social Change Theory, Feminist Theory, and the Economic Theory of Marriage. It further classifies the phenomenon into two primary categories: optional delay, which is driven by individual desires for higher education, career establishment, and financial empowerment; and compulsory delay, which is imposed by external societal constraints, poverty, inflation, unemployment, and housing crises. Furthermore, the study investigates the multifaceted impacts of delayed marriage, highlighting positive aspects like personal growth and marital maturity, alongside negative consequences including psychological pressures, social stigma, narrowed marital choices, and demographic imbalances such as declining fertility rates and aging populations. The paper concludes that delayed marriage is a complex, globally widespread phenomenon resulting from overlapping factors that disrupt traditional family functions. Based on these insights, it offers a set of strategic recommendations, including implementing targeted youth economic policies, enhancing community awareness to reduce wedding costs, and integrating delayed marriage into broader population policies to preserve social and family stability.
Imbalance of Power and the Reshaping of Regional Security Policies: A Study of the U.S.–Israeli Conflict with Iran
This study examines the imbalance of power in the Middle East in the context of the U.S.–Israeli conflict with Iran and its transformations within the regional system. It analyzes the evolution of security concepts among the involved actors, particularly the shift toward asymmetric deterrence and the use of non-conventional tools. The study also highlights the impact of this conflict on reshaping regional alliances and the rising role of non-state actors. Furthermore, it explores its implications for the security policies of regional states, especially in light of the growing importance of strategic waterways. The study concludes that the regional system is moving toward a fragile balance based on conflict management rather than resolution.
From Physical Capital to Digital Value: The Economic Transformation Driven by AI
Artificial intelligence is changing how economies create value. Older growth models placed factories, machines, and transport systems at the center of production. AI shifts attention toward data, software, algorithms, cloud infrastructure, and organizational learning. This paper explains the move from physical capital to digital value. It uses a theoretical lens, supported by published experiments and public data. The main claim is simple. AI does not remove the need for physical capital. It changes how physical assets are used, measured, and rewarded. Digital value grows through prediction, automation, personalization, and scale. These features can raise productivity and open new markets. They can also concentrate gains in firms that control data, compute, talent, and platforms. Evidence from writing, coding, consulting, and customer support studies shows strong task-level gains from generative AI. Public data also shows rising AI investment, fast firm adoption, and growing electricity needs for data centers. These results show that AI value is both digital and material. The paper argues that national gains depend on complementary investment. Skills, competition, infrastructure, trust, and measurement systems shape outcomes. The paper concludes that AI will reward economies that treat digital assets as productive capital. It will also test policy systems built for a factory-based economy. A fair AI economy needs broader access to data, tools, training, and digital infrastructure.
Integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data to Enhance Intellectual Property Protection in Information Institutions
This study examines the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data, and its impact on enhancing intellectual property (IP) protection in information institutions, in light of the rapid digital transformations that have reshaped the information production and distribution landscape. The study is based on the premise that this integration will enable the development of intelligent systems capable of monitoring the use of information resources and analyzing user behavior, thus contributing to the early detection of violations and strengthening protection mechanisms. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to explore the concepts related to the topic and analyze its technical and organizational dimensions. The study concludes that integrating IP technologies with big data analytics provides an advanced framework for managing and protecting IP, while simultaneously highlighting the need to address challenges related to security, privacy, and infrastructure.
The Role of Media in Promoting Citizenship Values Among Youth: A Descriptive Analytical Study in the Context of Libyan Society
This study explores the multi-faceted role of mass media in promoting and anchoring citizenship values among individuals, with a specific focus on youth within Libyan society. Operating as a pivotal institution of socialization, the media exerts a profound influence on shaping individual personalities and the collective value system. Consequently, its disseminated programs and discourses can act as a double-edged sword, yielding both constructive and destructive outcomes. The primary objective of this research is to conceptualize citizenship, identify its core constituent values, and critically analyze how media dynamics influence these concepts. To achieve these objectives, the researchers employed a descriptive-analytical methodology, relying on a theoretical desk-study approach that reviews established literature and relevant previous studies. The findings demonstrate that citizenship is a fundamental right intertwined with essential values, including equality, freedom, justice, political participation, responsibility, and national belonging. The study concludes that while mass media can positively foster civic awareness, institutionalize human rights, and promote tolerance and constructive dialogue, it simultaneously poses significant risks. Negative media discourses characterized by hate speech, misinformation, and the propagation of alien cultural models can actively undermine social cohesion. Therefore, maximizing the positive impact of media requires strategic guidance to ensure it serves as an effective mechanism for national alignment and sustainable civic development.
Corporate Social Responsibility in the Global Oil and Gas Industry: A Comparative Analysis of Home and Host Country Practices in Royal Dutch Shel
The current study evaluates the importance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities within today's complex business atmosphere. To accomplish this objective, the research selects Royal Dutch Shell as the focus organization, critically analyzing its CSR practices and their consequences on overall performance. The investigation begins by identifying and examining the impact of internal stakeholders, specifically the management team and employees, alongside external stakeholders, including society and customers. Furthermore, the study evaluates the influences of government regulations and environmental protection agencies regarding social and environmental activities, such as carbon emission targets and public payment disclosures. A core component of the research involves comparing and contrasting home country (Netherlands) and host country (Nigeria) practices to evaluate critical ethical, environmental, and legal issues. The findings indicate that while Shell maintains a positive corporate image through sustainable planning in its home country, it faces severe scrutiny and ethical challenges in host countries like Nigeria due to oil pollution and negative economic impacts on local communities. Extensive analysis is conducted on current trends, such as rising CSR budgets and operational costs. Finally, the study provides strategic recommendations to enhance CSR efficiency and transparency, advocating for uniform operational standards, multi-stakeholder involvement in strategy development, and balanced budget segregation to manage ethical and social expectations effectively across diverse global economies.
Internet Addiction from a Sociological Perspective: Causes, Social Effects, and Coping Mechanisms
The research problem highlights the negative digital transformation within social and family relationships resulting from excessive or compulsive internet use, which degrades direct human communication and severely threatens family cohesion. This study aimed to identify the core causes leading to internet addiction, analyze its multi-dimensional individual, familial, and social effects, and explore effective treatment methods to mitigate this excessive usage. Methodologically, the study adopted a descriptive approach, relying on the collection, critical analysis, and synthesis of data, facts, and literature from various library sources and academic references. The theoretical framework was built upon two foundational sociological theories: Symbolic Interactionism, which interprets digital addiction as a dynamic interactional construct that shapes virtual identities, and Conflict Theory, which views internet addiction as a modern form of digital alienation driven by the capitalist economic models of technology platforms. The research yielded several significant conclusions, demonstrating that excessive internet use severely impairs individual concentration, weakens familial bonds, and accelerates the breakdown of social relationships. Furthermore, it is explicitly linked to deteriorating psychological states, manifesting as heightened stress, anxiety, and a pervasive feeling of emptiness, while causing physical health issues such as chronic fatigue, depression, and severe sleep disturbances. To address this challenge, the study formulated a set of scientific recommendations aimed at guiding educational, health, and media institutions in developing comprehensive national strategies to enhance community mental health and digital literacy. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that raising continuous awareness within families and educational organizations, combined with establishing balanced usage limits and encouraging offline alternative activities, represents the ideal approach to leveraging technology positively while preventing its psychosocial harms.
Structural and Technical Constraints Limiting the Adoption of E-Commerce Models in Medium-Sized Enterprises in Libya: A Diagnostic Study under Economic Crises
This study aims to diagnose and analyze the structural and technical constraints limiting the adoption of e-commerce models in medium-sized enterprises in Libya amid successive economic crises. The study adopted a descriptive analytical methodology, applying a questionnaire to a stratified random sample of 287 managers and specialists in 85 medium-sized enterprises in Tripoli, Benghazi, and Misrata. The results revealed five main constraints: weak telecommunications and information technology infrastructure (mean 4.52 out of 5), absence of legislation and laws supporting e-commerce (4.38), lack of technical skills and competencies (4.21), instability of electronic payment systems (4.09), and low levels of digital trust among senior management (3.95). The results also showed statistically significant differences in the impact of constraints according to enterprise size and sector of activity. The study recommends establishing a national authority for e-commerce regulation, developing partnerships with international electronic payment service providers, launching specialized training programs for capacity building, and formulating a national digital transformation strategy that considers the specificities of Libyan economic crises.