Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies
type: channel
description: The Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies (CJHES) ISSN: (3105-9481) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Academic University in Libya. With a commitment to advancing knowledge, CJHES publishes four issues annually, covering a wide range of topics within the humanities and educational sciences. Our Vision To be a leading platform for high-quality research that contributes to the understanding and development of the humanities and educational fields. Our Mission To provide a rigorous and accessible venue for scholars to publish original research, fostering intellectual exchange and collaboration. Our Objectives To publish cutting-edge research across all sub-disciplines of the humanities and educational sciences. To promote open-access scholarly publishing. To uphold the highest standards of academic integrity and peer review. For more information, you can visit the journal's website at or contact the editor at editor@cjhes.com.ly. You can also reach them via WhatsApp at +218925574772.
publisher: Academic University
language: en
publication name: Comprehensive Journal of Humanities and Educational Studies
issn: 3105-9481
items: The Syntactic Significance of the Request Sentence in Surah Al-Baqarah: The Interrogative Sentence
items: Employing Heritage in the Modern Arab Novel A Study in Signification and Function: A Critical Literature Review and Comparative Analysis
items: https://cjhes.com.ly/index.php/cjhes/en/article/view/286
items: The Abbasids and their position towards the Alawites in the first Abbasid era (132 AH / 232 AH / 749 / 846 AD)
items: Representations of Cultural Patterns in the Libyan Novel
items: Arab Thinkers' Responses to Orientalist Claims
items: From Combating Illegal Migration to Prohibiting Settlement: The Transformation in Libyan Criminal Policy (A Critical Analytical Study)
items: Family Security and Suicide Prevention: An Analytical Reading of Selected Field Indicators of Suicide in Libyan Society
items: A Proposed Framework for Activating the Role of Social Work in Preventing Drug and Psychotropic Substance Trafficking within the University Campus
items: The Democratic Path and Political Stakes: A Philosophical Reading of the Possibility of Universal Grounding in Contemporary Arab Thought
items: The Reality of Basic Education Teachers' Performance and its Relationship to the Development of Pupils' Mental Processes (A Field Study)
items: The Conflict in Sudan and the Security Challenges for the Libyan Authorities
items: Difficulties and Challenges Facing Social Researchers in Conducting Field Research: A Field Study on Faculty Members at the Department of Sociology, University of Sirte
items: Pros and Cons of Implementing the Inclusion Mechanism for People with Disabilities: The Libyan Experience as a Case Study
items: Professional Intervention Mechanisms for Social Workers to Mitigate the Effects of Crises
items: The Legal Framework for Public Loans in Libyan Legislation
items: Requirements and Challenges of Implementing Human Resource Accounting System in the Libyan Insurance Sector: A Field Study on Libya Insurance Company
items: The Importance of Employing Internet of Things (IoT) Technology in Information Institutions: A Theoretical Study
items: Judicial Authority in Waqf Investment: A Jurisprudential Study
items: The role of socialization institutions in promoting national identity and citizenship values: A field study on students of the Faculty of Arts/ Msallata, El-Mergib University
items: Factors Associated with Scientific Productivity among a Sample of Faculty Members at the Faculty of Arts, El-Mergib University: An Analytical Study
items: The legal status of the pilot
items: https://cjhes.com.ly/index.php/cjhes/en/article/view/264
items: National Security Principles in the Prophetic Sunnah
items: Psychological Alienation Among University of Benghazi Students Using Smart Media Technologies in Light of Certain Psychological and Social Variables
items: Theoretical perspectives on the relationship between leadership and shaping the work environment; a sociological analysis of organizational behavior
items: The Hermeneutics of Digital Art: Reconstructing Judgments of Taste in Light of Contemporary Techno-Aesthetics
items: The Relationship Between Islamic Religious Commitment and Mental Health Among Students of the Faculty of Sharia at Bani Walid University
items: Procedures of the Audit Bureau and Their Effectiveness Against Current Challenges in Libya
items: Psychological Flourishing Among University Students in Light of Certain Variables

The Syntactic Significance of the Request Sentence in Surah Al-Baqarah: The Interrogative Sentence
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description: This study investigates the syntactic semantics of the interrogative sentence within Surah Al-Baqarah, aiming to identify its structural features and uncover the underlying meanings and implications conveyed by various interrogative tools. The research problem addresses the specific syntactic semantics of interrogative sentences in the surah. To achieve this, the researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical methodology, which is best suited for examining and analyzing these linguistic structures. The study systematically gathered all verses containing interrogative structures in Surah Al-Baqarah, analyzed their syntactic compositions, evaluated their rhetorical and semantic impacts based on classical and modern exegesis, and reached significant conclusions regarding the interplay between syntax and semantics in the Quranic text.
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creator: Ngma Fadeel Alabd Fadeel Leseer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-23
publication date: 2026-07-23
starting page: 119
ending page: 130
doi: 10.65420/1gyf4c41

Employing Heritage in the Modern Arab Novel A Study in Signification and Function: A Critical Literature Review and Comparative Analysis
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description: The present study conducts a critical review of the literature relevant to the use of cultural heritage in the modern Arabic novel, based on eighteen verified academic sources (nine Arabic and nine foreign). The study addresses a central issue regarding how modern Arab novelists employ heritage within their narrative texts and the aesthetic, semantic, and ideological functions this utilization serves. To achieve this, a conceptual model is adopted linking forms of heritage (religious, historical, popular, and mythological) with narrative functions, examined through qualitative critical reading focusing primarily on Egyptian and Sudanese narrative models, with partial extension to Syrian novels. The findings indicate that heritage utilization frequently extends beyond mere aesthetic functions to embody identity and resistance dimensions, while maintaining methodological caution regarding statistical generalization due to the qualitative nature of the review.
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creator: Hamza Masoud Mohamed Makary
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-22
publication date: 2026-07-22
starting page: 110
ending page: 118
doi: 10.65420/eke5t297

https://cjhes.com.ly/index.php/cjhes/en/article/view/286
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title: Investigation of the Section "How the Subject is Distinguished from the Predicate" in the Book Mawahib Al-Adeeb fi Sharh Mughni Al-Labeeb by Sheikh Muhammad Ahmad Al-Azniqi، Known as Wuyi Zada (1018 AH)، Part 3، from Folio 798/b to Folio 801/a
description: This study investigates and verifies an academic excerpt from the manuscript Mawahib Al-Adeeb fi Sharh Mughni Al-Labeeb authored by Sheikh Muhammad Ahmad Al-Azniqi، widely known as Wuyi Zada (d. 1018 AH). Specifically، the research focuses on editing and analyzing the section addressing how the subject (Mubtada) is distinguished from the predicate (Khabar)، spanning from folio 798/b to folio 801/a of the third part. The study adopts an analytical and investigative methodology to ensure text integrity، compare available manuscript copies، and thoroughly evaluate the linguistic and syntactic viewpoints discussed by the author in dialogue with preceding grammarians such as Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari and Sibawayh. Furthermore، the paper highlights the scholarly contributions of an underrepresented figure in biographical literature، demonstrating his rigorous academic engagement with complex grammatical issues.
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creator: Omar Mustafa Ibrahim Kashidan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-21
publication date: 2026-07-21
starting page: 94
ending page: 109
doi: 10.65420/0tgacz54

The Abbasids and their position towards the Alawites in the first Abbasid era (132 AH / 232 AH / 749 / 846 AD)
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description: This study examines the nature of the relationship between the Abbasids and the Alawites during the First Abbasid Era. It argues that the Alawites continued to regard themselves as the rightful claimants to the Caliphate following the martyrdom of al-Husayn ibn Ali at Karbala. Whenever political circumstances were favorable, they sought to advance their claim, while periods of weakness often led them to adopt a more cautious and restrained approach. With the emergence of the Abbasid da'wah, some Shi'ites supported it under the belief that it would ultimately restore authority to the Alawite family, whereas others chose to remain neutral despite sharing the objective of ending Umayyad rule. The study further demonstrates that relations between the Abbasids and the Alawites were initially characterized by a degree of cooperation during the revolutionary movement. However, this understanding deteriorated after the Abbasids assumed power. Many Alawites, particularly members of the Hasanid branch, believed that they had been marginalized and deprived of a position they considered their legitimate right. They viewed the Abbasids as having benefited from the widespread support generated by the movement before consolidating power exclusively in their own hands. As a result, political tensions intensified, and the relationship gradually evolved from temporary cooperation into open rivalry throughout the First Abbasid Era.
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creator: Imohamed Ali Altaieb
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Imohamed Ali Altaieb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-20
publication date: 2026-07-20
starting page: 81
ending page: 94
doi: 10.65420/1116v165

Representations of Cultural Patterns in the Libyan Novel
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description: This research examines "Representations of Cultural Patterns in the Libyan Novel," starting from the premise that the novel is a mirror reflecting profound social and political transformations, and is capable of absorbing and deconstructing dominant and implicit patterns. The study seeks to answer several questions about the nature of cultural patterns governing the structure of the Libyan novel, how the relationship between these patterns and the psychological and aesthetic structure of the text's manifests, and the extent of their ability to reflect the human struggle with authority and society as well as deconstruct the patriarchal pattern. To achieve these objectives, the research adopted the descriptive analytical method as a general framework, utilizing psychological, cultural, and aesthetic approaches. The study concluded that the Libyan novel succeeded in blending cultural depth with psychological richness and artistic aesthetics, and that cultural patterns infiltrate through oblique narrative techniques such as description, free association, and flashback rather than directly. The research also emphasized the pivotal role of the unconscious in producing narrative images as an outlet for existential crises.
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creator: Khadija Al-Mabrouk Mansour Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Khadija Al-Mabrouk Mansour Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-12
publication date: 2026-07-12
starting page: 69
ending page: 80
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i3.282

Arab Thinkers' Responses to Orientalist Claims
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description: Arab thinkers' responses to Orientalist claims emerged within diverse intellectual currents, characterized by both the criticism and refutation of perceived biases, and the selective utilization of Orientalist methodologies. These responses varied in their intellectual trends and analytical approaches. This research investigates the significant discourse surrounding these responses, focusing on how Arab thinkers addressed allegations regarding Islam's relationship with reason and the originality of Islamic philosophy. It highlights that these responses were not merely defensive, but constituted a critical intellectual project aimed at deconstructing the ideological and political foundations of Orientalist discourse. The study demonstrates that Arab thinkers effectively challenged the notion of a monolithic, anti-rational Islamic civilization by grounding their arguments in historical evidence and Islamic theological texts. Furthermore, it refutes the claim that Islamic philosophy was merely a derivative imitation of Greek thought, arguing instead that Muslim philosophers critically synthesized and transformed inherited traditions to reflect the realities and values of Islamic civilization. Ultimately, the research illustrates that these intellectual engagements were essential in challenging the hegemony of Orientalist perspectives and in affirming the independent, innovative contributions of Islamic thought to global intellectual history.
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creator: Muhamad Khalifat Birini
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Khalifat Birini (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-11
publication date: 2026-07-11
starting page: 61
ending page: 68
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i3.281

From Combating Illegal Migration to Prohibiting Settlement: The Transformation in Libyan Criminal Policy (A Critical Analytical Study)
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description: The Libyan criminal policy has witnessed a significant shift in addressing illegal migration, transitioning from the Anti-Illegal Migration Law No. (19) of 2010 to the Anti-Settlement Law No. (24) of 2023. This study aims to elucidate the nature and scope of this transformation, determining whether it represents a mere tightening of penalties or a fundamental shift in the protected legal interest and the philosophy of criminalization. Utilizing a critical analytical approach, the study examines the relevant legal texts and the legislative intent behind both statutes. Findings indicate that the legislator has shifted from a policy focused on border security and combating illegal entry to one aimed at protecting national identity and national security by preventing the permanent settlement of foreigners. This transition is reflected in the reconstruction of certain offenses based on the special intent of "settlement" and the introduction of legal presumptions for its proof. The study further identifies several legal and practical challenges arising from the overlapping application of these two legislative frameworks.
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creator: Karema Eltaher Almahdi Amshery
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Karema Eltaher Almahdi Amshery (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-10
publication date: 2026-07-10
starting page: 50
ending page: 60
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i3.280

Family Security and Suicide Prevention: An Analytical Reading of Selected Field Indicators of Suicide in Libyan Society
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description: This study aimed to develop an analytical framework for family security as a preventive approach to inform national strategies for suicide prevention. It analyzed field indicators of suicide in Libyan society to identify the social, economic, and psychological characteristics of individuals who died by suicide and to examine the relationship between the dimensions of family security (social, psychological, economic, and intellectual) and the characteristics revealed by the field data. The study also sought to highlight the role of the family in suicide prevention through its functions of care, emotional support, and empowerment. The study adopted an analytical approach using the secondary data analysis method. The data were obtained from official statistics issued by the Libyan Ministry of Interior for the Greater Tripoli Municipality, covering 40 suicide cases recorded in 2022. The dataset included information on marital status, age, employment status, place of residence, physical and psychological health, unemployment and idleness, as well as social isolation and hopelessness. The findings revealed a decline in family security across its various dimensions. In particular, the results indicated insufficient psychological and emotional support within families, coupled with economic vulnerability that contributes to family conflict and persistent daily stress, thereby undermining family stability. The study concludes that strengthening family security should be considered a key component of national suicide prevention strategies. It recommends implementing psychological and educational support programs for families through educational, religious, and community institutions, as well as expanding economic support for vulnerable families and adopting social policies that mitigate socioeconomic pressures.
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creator: Suad Abozid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Suad Abozid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
starting page: 36
ending page: 49
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i3.279

A Proposed Framework for Activating the Role of Social Work in Preventing Drug and Psychotropic Substance Trafficking within the University Campus
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description: This study aims to propose a framework for activating the role of social work in preventing drug and psychotropic substance trafficking within the university campus. Using a descriptive approach, the study explored the underlying causes of this phenomenon from the perspective of students at the Faculty of Education, Zaytuna University (n=26). The results indicated that personal, familial, and social factors significantly contribute to the phenomenon, with a lack of religious awareness, bad company, and weak family monitoring identified as primary drivers. The study found no statistically significant differences based on gender, while differences appeared based on the academic semester. The proposed framework focuses on early detection, raising awareness, and community partnership. Recommendations emphasize strengthening family monitoring, implementing rigorous legal deterrents, and establishing social work offices within universities.
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creator: Ali Ramadhan Saed Saeid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Ramadhan Saed Saeid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-05
publication date: 2026-07-05
starting page: 23
ending page: 35
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i3.278

The Democratic Path and Political Stakes: A Philosophical Reading of the Possibility of Universal Grounding in Contemporary Arab Thought
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description: This study examines the problematic of the democratic path in contemporary Arab thought from a critical philosophical perspective, employing a conceptual framework that synthesizes democracy, freedom, justice, and values. It explores the dialectic of identity and communication within the context of the Arab uprisings and their subsequent deep-seated political and social transformations. Furthermore, the study investigates the relationship between democracy as a universal concept and Arab-Islamic cultural heritage, reviewing the theoretical contributions of thinkers such as Habermas, Ricoeur, Hassan Hanafi, and Fethi al-Triki. The study concludes that constructing an authentic Arab democratic model necessitates a departure from local specificity while remaining open to universal values, anchored within the framework of the ethics of dialogue and communicative reason.
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creator: Entesar Amhemed Almagtof Alghwail
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Entesar Amhemed Almagtof Alghwail (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-03
publication date: 2026-07-03
starting page: 14
ending page: 22
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i3.277

The Reality of Basic Education Teachers' Performance and its Relationship to the Development of Pupils' Mental Processes (A Field Study)
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description: Education in Libya, like other educational systems in Arab countries, is governed by laws and regulations that regulate its operations and define its paths and objectives. Education is considered the fundamental pillar upon which the state progresses and develops. However, the educational sector faces various academic, economic, and social challenges, some of which directly impact students. Educational institutions are responsible for developing students' skills, enhancing their knowledge, and fostering innovative and creative thinking, which is primarily achieved through teacher performance. This research aims to identify the current state of performance among basic education teachers and its relationship to the development of mental processes in pupils. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the reality of teacher performance in the basic education stage, utilizing a questionnaire as the main tool for data collection. The research yielded several key findings: the participants' responses confirmed a positive correlation between teacher performance and the development of mental processes in pupils. Furthermore, the findings highlighted various challenges and obstacles, most notably the lack of modern teaching aids in schools, inadequate guidance and evaluation of teachers regarding their areas of deficiency, and the absence of training programs and workshops designed to motivate teachers and enhance their professional capabilities.
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creator: Ramadhan Salim Ammar Alsakali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ramadhan Salim Ammar Alsakali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 1184
ending page: 1205
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.276

The Conflict in Sudan and the Security Challenges for the Libyan Authorities
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description: This research investigates the profound impact of the ongoing armed conflict in Sudan on Libya's national security, focusing on the strategic, political, and social consequences of the instability emerging from the Sudanese civil war. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical and historical approach to examine how the collapse of security structures in Sudan since the fall of the Al-Bashir regime, and the subsequent escalation between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces, directly threaten the fragile stability in Libya. By analyzing the historical development of border security, the study highlights critical challenges, particularly concerning illegal migration, the proliferation of small arms, and the potential infiltration of terrorist organizations into the porous southern Libyan borders. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the internal Libyan dynamics, noting how political fragmentation and the absence of unified security institutions complicate the state's response to these external pressures. The research concludes that the Sudanese conflict serves as a catalyst for regional insecurity, necessitating a comprehensive national security strategy that prioritizes border control, intelligence cooperation, and regional diplomatic engagement. Recommendations emphasize the urgent need for a unified Libyan security vision, enhanced border monitoring mechanisms using modern technologies, and the formation of joint security committees with neighboring countries to mitigate the spillover effects of the crisis. Ultimately, the study underscores that Libya's security is inextricably linked to the restoration of stability in Sudan and the broader Sahel-Saharan region, urging proactive regional cooperation to safeguard national sovereignty against the multidimensional threats arising from the ongoing humanitarian and security catastrophe in Sudan.
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creator: Abdulhakim Mohammed Misbah Alqadhi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulhakim Mohammed Misbah Alqadhi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-01
publication date: 2026-07-01
starting page: 01
ending page: 13
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i3.275

Difficulties and Challenges Facing Social Researchers in Conducting Field Research: A Field Study on Faculty Members at the Department of Sociology, University of Sirte
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description: This study aims to identify the most significant difficulties and challenges encountered by social researchers when conducting field research. Employing a descriptive analytical approach, the research utilizes a questionnaire as the primary tool for data collection. The study targets a simple random sample of 15 faculty members from the Department of Sociology and Social Service at the Faculty of Arts, University of Sirte. The findings reveal that primary challenges include inadequate funding, excessive teaching loads, and a lack of modern academic references. Additionally, the research highlights various methodological and field-based obstacles that hinder the attainment of high-quality scientific research outcomes. These challenges encompass difficulties in managing the field environment, managing research time, and complexities related to the nature of social phenomena, which are inherently variable and difficult to measure accurately. The study also identifies issues related to administrative procedures and a lack of institutional support, which impede the efficiency of researchers. To mitigate these issues, the study recommends establishing a favorable climate for scientific inquiry, providing necessary financial and administrative support, organizing specialized training workshops, and fostering scientific meetings. It emphasizes the critical need for updated research resources and enhanced collaboration among faculty members to conduct joint studies. Furthermore, the study suggests that universities should adopt centralized research strategies, update laboratories with technical support, and offer incentives to encourage researchers. By addressing these structural and operational barriers, the study asserts that the quality and reliability of social research can be significantly improved, ultimately contributing to the advancement of social development and the effective resolution of societal issues within the academic and broader community context.
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creator: Fathia Ali Hamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fathia Ali Hamed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-23
publication date: 2026-06-23
starting page: 1168
ending page: 1183
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.274

Pros and Cons of Implementing the Inclusion Mechanism for People with Disabilities: The Libyan Experience as a Case Study
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description: This research paper explores the advantages and challenges associated with the implementation of inclusive education policies for individuals with special needs, focusing on the Libyan experience as a case study. The study aims to highlight the evolution of special education in Libya, tracing the legislative and institutional shifts from early specialized institutions to the modern framework of "inclusive education" managed by the Ministry of Education. By examining the pedagogical and social dynamics within schools, the research analyzes the positive impacts of inclusion, such as fostering social integration, promoting equality, and enhancing the self-esteem of students with special needs. Conversely, it addresses significant barriers, including the lack of specialized teacher training, inadequate physical infrastructure, and the persistent reliance on traditional assessment standards that often disadvantage students with disabilities. Through an analytical lens, the paper evaluates recent initiatives, such as the "No Difference" project and national efforts to equip schools with necessary resources and professional development programs. The study concludes that while Libya has made commendable progress in establishing an inclusive legal and institutional structure, bridging the gap between policy and practice remains a critical challenge. It recommends a comprehensive, multi-sectoral strategy involving the Ministry of Education, higher education institutions, and community stakeholders to ensure a sustainable and equitable inclusive environment that views education as an investment in human capital.
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creator: Houria Khalifa Mohammed Khalifa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Houria Khalifa Mohammed Khalifa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-23
publication date: 2026-06-23
starting page: 1159
ending page: 1168
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.273

Professional Intervention Mechanisms for Social Workers to Mitigate the Effects of Crises
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description: This study aims to identify the nature of crises requiring professional intervention by social workers and to outline the key measures and strategies involved. The research employs a descriptive-analytical method to explore the professional intervention mechanisms used to mitigate the psychological and social impacts of crises. The findings indicate that professional intervention is a crucial factor in reducing these negative impacts, and that the psychosocial support provided by social workers and their teams plays a vital role in enhancing the coping and recovery capabilities of affected individuals and groups. Furthermore, the study highlights that the success and effectiveness of such interventions depend heavily on rapid response, advance planning, and coordination among government and non-governmental institutions. Conversely, a lack of human and material resources remains a significant constraint on the efficiency of these interventions. The study emphasizes that social workers and crisis response teams require continuous, progressive training in crisis management and rapid disaster intervention skills. In light of these conclusions, the researcher recommends organizing training courses for social workers and vulnerable populations, providing the necessary human and material resources to support social work roles, and encouraging further research in crisis management to leverage findings for developing professional practices. The study concludes that the integration of scientific knowledge with practical professional values is essential to meet the needs of those affected by crises effectively.
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creator: Samira Salem Al Hangari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samira Salem Al Hangari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-22
publication date: 2026-06-22
starting page: 1149
ending page: 1158
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.272

The Legal Framework for Public Loans in Libyan Legislation
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description: This research investigates the legal framework of public loans within the Libyan legislative system, exploring their nature, definitions, and the criteria governing their issuance. As public loans have evolved from exceptional financial resources into fundamental instruments of monetary policy, the study examines their role in managing economic challenges, mitigating budget deficits, and fostering development. Utilizing an analytical and deductive methodology, the research reviews the provisions of Law No. 15 of 1986 concerning public debt, analyzing the stages of loan issuance, legal guarantees, and the legal nature of public loan contracts. The study argues that public loans are administrative contracts rather than acts of sovereignty, emphasizing the necessity of binding legal regulations to ensure transparency and accountability. Findings reveal that while the Libyan legislator has established a framework for public debt, there is an urgent need for comprehensive, modern legislation to regulate all aspects of borrowing effectively. The study recommends directing loan proceeds toward productive investments and supporting small projects, which have proven essential for achieving sustainable economic development in developing nations. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of distinguishing between various types of loans—internal vs. external, and voluntary vs. forced—to optimize their impact on the national economy and maintain the state's financial stability and credibility.
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creator: Zaynab Salim Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zaynab Salim Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 1134
ending page: 1148
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.271

Requirements and Challenges of Implementing Human Resource Accounting System in the Libyan Insurance Sector: A Field Study on Libya Insurance Company
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description: This study aims to investigate the requirements necessary for implementing a human resource accounting system at Libya Insurance Company and to diagnose the challenges across various dimensions: organizational, professional, technical, human, financial, and legal, which hinder the implementation of this system within the company. To achieve the research objectives, the study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach as its general framework. Regarding data collection, a well-structured questionnaire was developed and distributed to the target sample. Out of a total of (35) distributed questionnaires, (32) completed and valid forms were recovered for processing, reflecting a high response rate that supports inferential reliability.For the purpose of hypothesis testing, the primary data underwent a series of advanced statistical tests and methods, enabling an accurate and objective analysis of variables. Based on these tests, the following results were reached: The results showed acceptance of the first main hypothesis with a very high degree of agreement, indicating the existence of requirements for implementing a human resource accounting system at Libya Insurance Company. The results also showed acceptance of the second main hypothesis with a very high degree of agreement, indicating the existence of organizational, professional, technical, human, financial, and legal challenges that impede the implementation of this system. Based on the practical findings, several core recommendations were formulated, the most important being: the necessity for the general management of Libya Insurance Company to move towards the actual implementation of human resource accounting, due to the accurate information flow this system provides in monitoring the value of human capital. This ensures the provision of an integrated database that works to enhance the quality of financial reports and support the efficiency of administrative and financial decisions within the company. Furtherm…
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creator: Mohamed Almabrok Ennayed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed Almabrok Ennayed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 1116
ending page: 1133
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.270

The Importance of Employing Internet of Things (IoT) Technology in Information Institutions: A Theoretical Study
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description: This study examines the role of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in information institutions, highlighting the evolving responsibilities of information specialists in the digital era. Given the limitations of traditional methods in delivering rapid and satisfactory services, this research aims to conceptualize IoT applications within libraries—connecting physical resources, devices, and users to enable automated and intelligent data exchange. Through a descriptive-analytical approach, the study reviews intellectual output and successful global experiences in implementing IoT in information centers. Key findings indicate that while technologies such as RFID and iBeacons significantly enhance collection management and user engagement, implementation faces substantial challenges, including weak infrastructure, high costs, and data security concerns. The study concludes by recommending intensive staff training, the enhancement of digital infrastructure, and the adoption of smart library frameworks to ensure effective information service delivery.
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creator: Madeha Khalefa Salim Said
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Madeha Khalefa Salim Said (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 1099
ending page: 1115
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.269

Judicial Authority in Waqf Investment: A Jurisprudential Study
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description: This study highlights that the investment of waqf, from an Islamic jurisprudential perspective, is not merely a financial practice. Rather, it is an area of ijtihād (juridical reasoning) governed by Shariah interests and the objectives of waqf, wherein the judicial authority intersects with the requirements of preserving and developing waqf assets. This interaction achieves a balance between the judiciary’s power of supervision and guidance, and the observance of the founder’s conditions and the principles of trusteeship in managing waqf. The study concludes that judicial intervention in waqf investment is not absolute but constrained by Shariah and purposive regulations. In this context, the judiciary’s role extends beyond merely implementing rulings or acting as a supervisory body; it functions as an instrument for regulating and directing waqf investment to ensure sustainability, prevent disruption or deviation, within a foundational framework that balances authority and restraint. Consequently, this jurisdiction remains governed by Shariah limits and guided by its higher objectives.
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creator: Mohammed Baayou
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Baayou (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 1080
ending page: 1098
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.268

The role of socialization institutions in promoting national identity and citizenship values: A field study on students of the Faculty of Arts/ Msallata, El-Mergib University
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description: Aiming to investigate the role of socialisation institutions in promoting national identity and the values of citizenship among students of the Faculty of Arts at University of Almergib in Msallata, the researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach and administered a validated questionnaire to a sample of (119) male and female students. The results demonstrated that socialisation institutions, particularly the family, play a pivotal role in instilling the values of citizenship and identity, emphasizing the importance of sound educational methods and social interaction in political education. The study also indicated that socialisation institutions constitute the primary starting point for the formation of values and standards, and that societal changes necessitate awareness programs to enhance identity and belonging Furthermore, the research revealed that a culture of dialogue and democracy within the family and other social institutions contributes to strengthening the values of citizenship and identity, and that these values are manifested in volunteer work, participation, equality, justice, and freedom. It affirmed the role of socialisation institutions in teaching children national and religious loyalty and pride in cultural identity, while a low educational level of parents leads to less attention being paid to these values. The findings also clarified that the family contributes to establishing the values of citizenship and identity by teaching children to participate in volunteer activities, preserve public property, and promote cooperative values The current study aligns with previous studies regarding the significance of children’s participation in national events and volunteer work. In light of the findings, the researcher recommended establishing awareness programs to enhance the social and political role of socialisation institutions in consolidating citizenship values, holding seminars and activities on identity and belonging, intensifying the e…
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creator: Aeshah Salim Ali Itbeerjah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Aeshah Salim Ali Itbeerjah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 1062
ending page: 1079
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.267

Factors Associated with Scientific Productivity among a Sample of Faculty Members at the Faculty of Arts, El-Mergib University: An Analytical Study
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description: The study aimed to identify the factors associated with the research productivity of academic staff in Libyan universities, and to identify the extent to which the research productivity of academic staff in Libyan universities varies according to the variables of age, academic degree, and years of experience. The researcher followed the pattern of analytical descriptive studies, and to achieve the objectives of the study, the study tool was applied. (The questionnaire) after verifying the psychometric properties of the tool on members of the study sample, which consisted of (77) academic staff at the College of Arts, Elmergib University. The results of the study showed that institutional factors have a greater impact on the research productivity of faculty members than personal (individual) factors. This was demonstrated by the relative strength, as it reached (90.64%) for the institutional factors with a weighted average (78.85) and a standard deviation (3.98), while the relative strength for the personal (individual) factors reached (88.51%) with a weighted average (77) and a standard deviation (4.87). The results of the study showed that there were statistically significant differences in the research productivity of academic staff according to the age variable in favor of the age group (less than 30 years), and that there was no difference in the levels of research productivity of academic staff according to the variables of academic degree and years of experience that reached moral significance.
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creator: Faiza Salem Grifa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Faiza Salem Grifa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 1046
ending page: 1061
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.266

The legal status of the pilot
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description: This study examines the legal status of the aircraft pilot, analyzing their authorities, obligations, and civil liability as defined under the Libyan Civil Aviation Law No. 6 of 2005 and relevant international conventions. The research adopts a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach to explore the pilot’s multifaceted role, which transcends mere technical operation to encompass administrative and legal powers in maintaining safety and order on board. It highlights the pilot’s responsibility for the safety of passengers, crew, and the aircraft, while critically evaluating the scope of the pilot’s discretion in emergency situations and the extent of their liability for professional errors. The study identifies gaps in the Libyan legal framework compared to other jurisdictions, particularly regarding access to the flight deck, and provides recommendations to enhance aviation safety standards and align local regulations with international practices.
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creator: Salma Abdelhamid Alzwawe
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Salma Abdelhamid Alzwawe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 1034
ending page: 1045
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.265

https://cjhes.com.ly/index.php/cjhes/en/article/view/264
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title: The Effectiveness of the Electronic Treasury Single Account (TSA) System in Curbing Financial Corruption and its Impact on the Performance of Financial Controllers in the Libyan State: A Field Study on Financial Services Controllers in (Zliten, Al-Khums,
description: This study aims to clarify the effectiveness of the electronic Treasury Single Account (TSA) system using the "Ratibak Lahthi" (Your Salary Momentarily) platform in curbing financial corruption in the Libyan state and its impact on the performance of financial controllers. The study population consisted of financial controllers in the Libyan state, with a sample of 40 controllers from the financial services offices in Zliten, Al-Khums, Msallata, and Qasr Al-Akhyar. The study concluded that the electronic Treasury Single Account system contributes effectively to curbing financial corruption in the use of available financial resources under the first chapter of the budget by preventing the duplication of salary payments, enhancing financial oversight, and preventing unauthorized changes to employee data. The system also had a highly positive impact on the work of financial controllers by facilitating their tasks, increasing their speed and accuracy in oversight, and preventing transgressions by heads of sectors, thus raising their operational efficiency. The study recommends applying this system to the remaining chapters of the Libyan state budget to contribute to effective oversight of public funds.
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creator: Muftah Attia Al-Qaddar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muftah Attia Al-Qaddar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 1021
ending page: 1033
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.264

National Security Principles in the Prophetic Sunnah
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description: This research investigates the fundamental principles of national security as derived from the Prophetic Sunnah. It highlights the significance of security as a primary necessity for human life, upon which individual and collective activities depend. The study employs an inductive, descriptive, and analytical methodology to explore the security dimensions within the Prophetic texts. The research concludes that security is a comprehensive concept encompassing religious, intellectual, physical, and economic dimensions, explicitly established as a legitimate goal within the Islamic legal framework (Maqasid al-Shari'ah). The study identifies five key principles for achieving national security in the Prophetic tradition: recognizing that security is religiously permitted and pursued , acknowledging that security is conditional upon obedience to the ruler (within the bounds of Shari'ah) , emphasizing that security is a collective responsibility , establishing brotherhood and social cohesion as requirements for security , and asserting that justice in governance is a fundamental condition for stability and security. These principles provide a robust framework for preserving the state, protecting public and private rights, and ensuring societal stability against internal and external threats. The findings underscore that true power and national stability are rooted in faith, justice, and societal unity, rather than mere material numbers.
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creator: Abdulkarim Shaeban Omar Alaewaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulkarim Shaeban Omar Alaewaj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 1007
ending page: 1020
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.263

Psychological Alienation Among University of Benghazi Students Using Smart Media Technologies in Light of Certain Psychological and Social Variables
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description: This study aimed to identify the level of psychological alienation among University of Benghazi students who use smart media technologies and to examine differences according to selected psychological and social variables. The descriptive analytical method was employed. A Psychological Alienation Scale (developed by the researcher) was administered to a sample of 350 students. Results indicated a relatively high level of psychological alienation. Significant differences were found in favor of single students and those using smart media technologies for more than five hours daily. No significant differences were found according to gender or academic specialization. The study recommends promoting balanced digital usage and strengthening university counseling services.
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creator: Reem Saad Al-Fazani
creator: Mabrouka Mohammed Salem Al-Darouli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Reem Saad Al-Fazani, Mabrouka Mohammed Salem Al-Darouli (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 990
ending page: 1006
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.262

Theoretical perspectives on the relationship between leadership and shaping the work environment; a sociological analysis of organizational behavior
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description: This study analyzes the relationship between leadership as an organizational behavior and the shaping of the work environment from a sociological perspective. It aims to deconstruct the concept of leadership as a social act within organizational contexts by reviewing key theoretical perspectives in organizational sociology, specifically employing analytical and comparative approaches to examine functional, interactionist, critical, and structural theories. The study posits that leadership is not merely an administrative function but a dynamic social process. The findings indicate that the relationship between leadership and the work environment is indirect, mediated by specific social mechanisms, and cannot be reduced to a single model. Each theoretical lens offers a distinct interpretation: the functionalist model views leadership as a means to impose order; the interactionist model sees a dialectical relationship where leadership shapes the environment and is in turn shaped by it; and the critical model highlights how leadership can be used to exert dominance or maintain power structures under the guise of an "ideal" work environment. Furthermore, the study concludes that fostering a positive work environment is determined by desired values such as creativity, stability, fairness, and productivity. It emphasizes the necessity of moving toward an integrated theoretical framework to understand leadership practices within the social structure of any organization. Finally, the study recommends adopting theoretical pluralism and conducting more qualitative field research to understand how mechanisms like trust and social capital vary across different organizational contexts.
subject: Articles
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creator: Nizhah Ali Abdulhadi Ramadhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nizhah Ali Abdulhadi Ramadhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 978
ending page: 989
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.261

The Hermeneutics of Digital Art: Reconstructing Judgments of Taste in Light of Contemporary Techno-Aesthetics
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description: This research aims to provide a philosophical, hermeneutic approach to the aesthetic transformations imposed by contemporary technology on the structure of artwork and its reception. The research problem stems from the hypothesis that the integration of digital technology and artificial intelligence in art production has destabilized classical aesthetic criteria (Kantian and Hegelian) founded on human originality and the materiality of the artwork. Through three sections, the study deconstructs the concept of techno-aesthetics, interrogates the dimensions of digital reception, and reconstructs judgments of taste using a critical-hermeneutic method. The value of this research lies in offering a new interpretive framework suitable for contemporary art institutes and art criticism, overcoming the crisis of traditional interpretation faced with cybernetic and virtual arts.
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creator: Asma Ahmed Ali Al-Humaidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Asma Ahmed Ali Al-Humaidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-19
publication date: 2026-06-19
starting page: 964
ending page: 977
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.260

The Relationship Between Islamic Religious Commitment and Mental Health Among Students of the Faculty of Sharia at Bani Walid University
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description: This study aimed to examine the relationship between Islamic religious commitment and mental health among students at the Faculty of Sharia, Bani Waleed University, Libya. Specifically, it sought to identify statistically significant differences in mean levels of religious commitment and mental health attributed to gender and academic year variables. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the study population consisted of 92 students, with a final sample of 61 participants (14 males and 47 females) selected through stratified random sampling. Two standardized instruments were utilized: the Religious Commitment Scale developed by Bakhita Mohammed (2015), comprising 23 validated items, and the Mental Health Scale developed by Abrina Al-Lafi (2013), comprising 89 items. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS, incorporating means, standard deviations, t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level in Islamic religious commitment or mental health based on gender or academic year. Furthermore, the results indicated no statistically significant correlation between Islamic religious commitment and mental health among the study participants. These findings contribute to the ongoing scholarly discourse regarding the multifaceted interplay between religious practices and psychological well-being in the Libyan academic context. The study concludes with recommendations for future research to explore broader sociocultural variables that may influence these psychological constructs, suggesting that institutional programs for psychological support should be designed with a deeper understanding of these localized dynamics.
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creator: Fawzi Mohammed Zubaida
creator: Asmaa Amhimmid Younus
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fawzi Mohammed Zubaida, Asmaa Amhimmid Younus (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-19
publication date: 2026-06-19
starting page: 947
ending page: 963
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.259

Procedures of the Audit Bureau and Their Effectiveness Against Current Challenges in Libya
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description: This study examines the operational procedures of the Audit Bureau in Libya and assesses their effectiveness in promoting public expenditure rationalization amidst current national challenges. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, the research explores the Bureau’s primary functions, including auditing, inspection, and the issuance of periodic and annual reports. The findings reveal that while the Audit Bureau plays a critical role in fiscal oversight and transparency, its overall impact is constrained by significant obstacles, including political instability, institutional fragmentation, a lack of inter-agency cooperation, and regulatory gaps. The study concludes with recommendations for institutional reform, advocating for the strengthening of the Bureau's independence, the digitalization of auditing processes, and the enforcement of professional standards to enhance accountability and public financial management in Libya.
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creator: Mahmoud Muhamad Maseud Eabdallah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmoud Muhamad Maseud Eabdallah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-18
publication date: 2026-06-18
starting page: 927
ending page: 946
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.258

Psychological Flourishing Among University Students in Light of Certain Variables
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description: This study aimed to identify the level of psychological flourishing among students at the Faculty of Education, University of Benghazi, and to detect any significant differences based on variables such as specialization (Kindergarten, Special Education, Psychological Counseling), academic semester (Second, Eighth), and marital status (Married, Unmarried). The sample consisted of (116) female students from the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences. The researcher administered the Psychological Flourishing Scale developed by Al-Qasasi (2023). After analyzing the data using statistical methods including t-tests for a single sample and one-way ANOVA, the results indicated that students at the Faculty of Education possess a high level of psychological flourishing. Furthermore, the study revealed no statistically significant differences in the level of psychological flourishing among students attributable to the variables of specialization, academic semester, or marital status. In light of these findings, the study recommended developing and maintaining activities and programs that sustain this high level of psychological flourishing, and suggested conducting further research on the relationship between psychological flourishing and both academic achievement and psychological hardiness.
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creator: Iman Mohamed Al-Hamali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iman Mohamed Al-Hamali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-18
publication date: 2026-06-18
starting page: 913
ending page: 926
doi: 10.65420/cjhes.v2i2.257