Hieron II and the Transformations of Rule in Hellenistic Sicily A Reading of the Instruments of Legitimacy and Stability

Abstract

This study examines the reign of Hiero II in the kingdom of Syracuse, Sicily, during the late pre-Roman centuries, focusing on political transformations, military strategies, internal administration, diplomatic relations, and cultural and religious roles. It presents the historical background of the kingdom prior to Hiero II’s rule, highlighting regional conflicts between Greek and Carthaginian powers and their impact on state stability. The study analyzes Hiero II’s political and military career, the foundations of governance and administration, and his methods of managing internal affairs, emphasizing the wisdom in his practices and the balance between military power and domestic policy. Furthermore, it demonstrates how diplomatic alliances and the promotion of culture and religion reinforced the legitimacy and stability of the kingdom. Utilizing a historical-analytical methodology with references to both ancient and modern sources, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of Hiero II’s rule and its effects on the continuity and stability of the state. The findings indicate that Hiero II succeeded in rebuilding state institutions after a period of turmoil, strengthening central authority without neglecting the balance with local powers. His calculated diplomacy and alliances with Rome and other Greek cities served as effective tools for the kingdom's stability, preserving Syracuse's relative independence and securing its interests. Additionally, Hiero II's patronage of arts, culture, and religion played a pivotal role in enhancing the legitimacy of his rule and reviving Hellenic identity in Sicily. Ultimately, Hiero II's practices embodied a balance between power and wisdom, making his reign a unique model of stability in the Hellenistic Mediterranean.